SplatArmor: Articulated Gaussian splatting for animatable humans from monocular RGB videos
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose SplatArmor, a novel approach for recovering detailed and animatable human models by `armoring' a parameterized body model with 3D Gaussians. Our approach represents the human as a set of 3D Gaussians within a canonical space, whose articulation is defined by extending the skinning of the underlying SMPL geometry to arbitrary locations in the canonical space. To account for pose-dependent effects, we introduce a SE(3) field, which allows us to capture both the location and anisotropy of the Gaussians. Furthermore, we propose the use of a neural color field to provide color regularization and 3D supervision for the precise positioning of these Gaussians. We show that Gaussian splatting provides an interesting alternative to neural rendering based methods by leverging a rasterization primitive without facing any of the non-differentiability and optimization challenges typically faced in such approaches. The rasterization paradigms allows us to leverage forward skinning, and does not suffer from the ambiguities associated with inverse skinning and warping. We show compelling results on the ZJU MoCap and People Snapshot datasets, which underscore the effectiveness of our method for controllable human synthesis.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2023.
Builds on
51 of 57 references.
References · 51
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,236
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,157
- 2017Deep Image Priorcited by 1,098
- 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
- 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 737
- 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
- 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 620
- 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 540
38 more
- 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
- 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
- 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
- 2019Soft Rasterizer: A Differentiable Renderer for Image-based 3D Reasoningcited by 420
- 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
- 2021ICON: Implicit Clothed humans Obtained from Normalscited by 283
- 2021PyMAF: 3D Human Pose and Shape Regression with Pyramidal Mesh Alignment Feedback Loopcited by 250
- 2022NeuMan: Neural Human Radiance Field from a Single Videocited by 244
- 2018Video Based Reconstruction of 3D People Modelscited by 238
- 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
- 2020PaMIR: Parametric Model-Conditioned Implicit Representation for Image-based Human Reconstructioncited by 231
- 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 231
- 2021SNARF: Differentiable Forward Skinning for Animating Non-Rigid Neural Implicit Shapescited by 221
- 2020Monocular, One-stage, Regression of Multiple 3D Peoplecited by 218
- 2021Neural Articulated Radiance Fieldcited by 196
- 2022SelfRecon: Self Reconstruction Your Digital Avatar from Monocular Videocited by 144
- 2021Putting People in their Place: Monocular Regression of 3D People in Depthcited by 142
- 2022ARAH: Animatable Volume Rendering of Articulated Human SDFscited by 139
- 2020Combining Implicit Function Learning and Parametric Models for 3D Human Reconstructioncited by 133
- 2022Photorealistic Monocular 3D Reconstruction of Humans Wearing Clothingcited by 126
- 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
- 2018Detailed Human Avatars from Monocular Videocited by 109
- 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 109
- 20234K4D: Real-Time 4D View Synthesis at 4K Resolutioncited by 91
- 2022Capturing and Animation of Body and Clothing from Monocular Videocited by 83
- 2020Synthetic Training for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation in the Wildcited by 82
- 2022gDNA: Towards Generative Detailed Neural Avatarscited by 72
- 2020SMPLpix: Neural Avatars from 3D Human Modelscited by 69
- 2020MonoClothCap: Towards Temporally Coherent Clothing Capture from Monocular RGB Videocited by 62
- 2021Hierarchical Kinematic Probability Distributions for 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Images in the Wildcited by 48
- 2022PINA: Learning a Personalized Implicit Neural Avatar from a Single RGB-D Video Sequencecited by 46
- 2022Surface-Aligned Neural Radiance Fields for Controllable 3D Human Synthesiscited by 41
- 2021Probabilistic 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Multiple Unconstrained Images in the Wildcited by 40
- 2022Learned Vertex Descent: A New Direction for 3D Human Model Fittingcited by 37
- 2020Vid2Actor: Free-viewpoint Animatable Person Synthesis from Video in the Wildcited by 35
- 2022JIFF: Jointly-aligned Implicit Face Function for High Quality Single View Clothed Human Reconstructioncited by 26
- 2022Neural Capture of Animatable 3D Human from Monocular Videocited by 22
- 2021Probabilistic Estimation of 3D Human Shape and Pose with a Semantic Local Parametric Modelcited by 5
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 16; 2025: 12; 2026: 3.
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- 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussianscited by 260
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 20233DGS-Avatar: Animatable Avatars via Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 195
- 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
- 2023Human Gaussian Splatting: Real-time Rendering of Animatable Avatarscited by 105
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 41
- 2024Generalizable Human Gaussians for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 40
- 2024HAHA: Highly Articulated Gaussian Human Avatars with Textured Mesh Priorcited by 31
- 2024Robust Dual Gaussian Splatting for Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videoscited by 30
23 more
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- 2025Real-time High-fidelity Gaussian Human Avatars with Position-based Interpolation of Spatially Distributed MLPscited by 12
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- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relightingcited by 2
- 2025SVAD: From Single Image to 3D Avatar via Synthetic Data Generation with Video Diffusion and Data Augmentationcited by 2
- 2025Snap-Snap: Taking Two Images to Reconstruct 3D Human Gaussians in Millisecondscited by 2
- 2025Learning Efficient and Generalizable Human Representation with Human Gaussian Modelcited by 1
- 2025On the Skinning of Gaussian Avatarscited by 1
- 2025GSAC: Leveraging Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Avatar Creation with Unity Integrationcited by 0
- 2025GaussianGAN: Real-Time Photorealistic controllable Human Avatarscited by 0
- 2025A Controllable 3D Deepfake Generation Framework with Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026PoseGaussian: Pose-Driven Novel View Synthesis for Robust 3D Human Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Self-Learning Expression Deformations for Data-Efficient Gaussian Avatarscited by 0
- 20264DHumanDiff: Direct Text-to-4DGS Generation for Consistent 360-Degree Dynamic Humanscited by 0
- 20264DHumanDiff: Direct Text-to-4DGS Generation for Consistent 360-Degree Dynamic Humans30 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-Learning Expression Deformations for Data-Efficient Gaussian Avatars4 Jun 2026
- 2026PoseGaussian: Pose-Driven Novel View Synthesis for Robust 3D Human Reconstruction5 Feb 2026
- 2025A Controllable 3D Deepfake Generation Framework with Gaussian Splatting15 Sep 2025
- 2025On the Skinning of Gaussian Avatars14 Sep 2025
- 2025GaussianGAN: Real-Time Photorealistic controllable Human Avatars1 Sep 2025
- 2025Snap-Snap: Taking Two Images to Reconstruct 3D Human Gaussians in Milliseconds20 Aug 2025
- 2025Learning Efficient and Generalizable Human Representation with Human Gaussian Model24 Jul 2025
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Field15 May 2025
- 2025SVAD: From Single Image to 3D Avatar via Synthetic Data Generation with Video Diffusion and Data Augmentation8 May 2025
- 2025GSAC: Leveraging Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Avatar Creation with Unity Integration17 Apr 2025
- 2025Real-time High-fidelity Gaussian Human Avatars with Position-based Interpolation of Spatially Distributed MLPs17 Apr 2025
23 more
- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relighting14 Apr 2025
- 2025R3-Avatar: Record and Retrieve Temporal Codebook for Reconstructing Photorealistic Human Avatars17 Mar 2025
- 2025Deblur-Avatar: Animatable Avatars from Motion-Blurred Monocular Videos23 Jan 2025
- 2024Sequential Gaussian Avatars with Hierarchical Motion Context25 Nov 2024
- 2024Motion-Aware Animatable Gaussian Avatars Deblurring24 Nov 2024
- 2024ToMiE: Towards Explicit Exoskeleton for the Reconstruction of Complicated 3D Human Avatars10 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Dual Gaussian Splatting for Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videos12 Sep 2024
- 2024Generalizable Human Gaussians for Sparse View Synthesis17 Jul 2024
- 2024iHuman: Instant Animatable Digital Humans From Monocular Videos15 Jul 2024
- 2024PICA: Physics-Integrated Clothed Avatar7 Jul 2024
- 2024Expressive Gaussian Human Avatars from Monocular RGB Video3 Jul 2024
- 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Review6 May 2024
- 2024Generalizable Neural Human Renderer22 Apr 2024
- 2024HAHA: Highly Articulated Gaussian Human Avatars with Textured Mesh Prior1 Apr 2024
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Field24 Mar 2024
- 2024UV Gaussians: Joint Learning of Mesh Deformation and Gaussian Textures for Human Avatar Modeling18 Mar 2024
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Mar 2024
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Survey11 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jan 2024
- 20233DGS-Avatar: Animatable Avatars via Deformable 3D Gaussian Splatting14 Dec 2023
- 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videos5 Dec 2023
- 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussians4 Dec 2023
- 2023Human Gaussian Splatting: Real-time Rendering of Animatable Avatars28 Nov 2023
- 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussianscited by 260
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 20233DGS-Avatar: Animatable Avatars via Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 195
- 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
- 2023Human Gaussian Splatting: Real-time Rendering of Animatable Avatarscited by 105
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 41
- 2024Generalizable Human Gaussians for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 40
- 2024HAHA: Highly Articulated Gaussian Human Avatars with Textured Mesh Priorcited by 31
- 2024Robust Dual Gaussian Splatting for Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videoscited by 30
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 20264DHumanDiff: Direct Text-to-4DGS Generation for Consistent 360-Degree Dynamic Humans30 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-Learning Expression Deformations for Data-Efficient Gaussian Avatars4 Jun 2026
- 2026PoseGaussian: Pose-Driven Novel View Synthesis for Robust 3D Human Reconstruction5 Feb 2026
- 2025A Controllable 3D Deepfake Generation Framework with Gaussian Splatting15 Sep 2025
- 2025On the Skinning of Gaussian Avatars14 Sep 2025
- 2025GaussianGAN: Real-Time Photorealistic controllable Human Avatars1 Sep 2025
- 2025Snap-Snap: Taking Two Images to Reconstruct 3D Human Gaussians in Milliseconds20 Aug 2025
- 2025Learning Efficient and Generalizable Human Representation with Human Gaussian Model24 Jul 2025
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Field15 May 2025
- 2025GSAC: Leveraging Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Avatar Creation with Unity Integration17 Apr 2025
- 2025Real-time High-fidelity Gaussian Human Avatars with Position-based Interpolation of Spatially Distributed MLPs17 Apr 2025
- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relighting14 Apr 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)