mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Probabilistic 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Multiple Unconstrained Images in the Wild

arXiv 2103.10978 ↗First posted 19 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 40

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper addresses the problem of 3D human body shape and pose estimation from RGB images. Recent progress in this field has focused on single images, video or multi-view images as inputs. In contrast, we propose a new task: shape and pose estimation from a group of multiple images of a human subject, without constraints on subject pose, camera viewpoint or background conditions between images in the group. Our solution to this task predicts distributions over SMPL body shape and pose parameters conditioned on the input images in the group. We probabilistically combine predicted body shape distributions from each image to obtain a final multi-image shape prediction. We show that the additional body shape information present in multi-image input groups improves 3D human shape estimation metrics compared to single-image inputs on the SSP-3D dataset and a private dataset of tape-measured humans. In addition, predicting distributions over 3D bodies allows us to quantify pose prediction uncertainty, which is useful when faced with challenging input images with significant occlusion. Our method demonstrates meaningful pose uncertainty on the 3DPW dataset and is competitive with the state-of-the-art in terms of pose estimation metrics.

Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2021.

Builds on

41 of 58 references.

References · 41

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
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  3. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
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  6. 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,612
  7. 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,236
  8. 2015Fast and Accurate Deep Network Learning by Exponential Linear Units (ELUs)cited by 1,070
  9. 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
  10. 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
  11. 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 627
  12. 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 620
29 more
  1. 2018DensePose: Dense Human Pose Estimation In The Wildcited by 575
  2. 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
  3. 2019PointRend: Image Segmentation as Renderingcited by 440
  4. 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
  5. 2017Learning from Synthetic Humanscited by 359
  6. 2018Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Videocited by 316
  7. 2020I2L-MeshNet: Image-to-Lixel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Mesh Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 274
  8. 2019Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 270
  9. 2018Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiescited by 239
  10. 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
  11. 2017Unite the People: Closing the Loop Between 3D and 2D Human Representationscited by 205
  12. 2018Neural Body Fitting: Unifying Deep Learning and Model-Based Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 185
  13. 2018BodyNet: Volumetric Inference of 3D Human Body Shapescited by 141
  14. 2019Exploiting temporal context for 3D human pose estimation in the wildcited by 110
  15. 2019DenseRaC: Joint 3D Pose and Shape Estimation by Dense Render-and-Comparecited by 100
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  17. 2017Self-supervised Learning of Motion Capturecited by 97
  18. 2017Towards Accurate Markerless Human Shape and Pose Estimation over Timecited by 92
  19. 2019Generating Multiple Hypotheses for 3D Human Pose Estimation with Mixture Density Networkcited by 92
  20. 2019Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Images via a Skeleton-disentangled Representationcited by 87
  21. 2020Synthetic Training for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation in the Wildcited by 82
  22. 2020Hierarchical Kinematic Human Mesh Recoverycited by 71
  23. 20203D Human Mesh Regression with Dense Correspondencecited by 66
  24. 2019TexturePose: Supervising Human Mesh Estimation with Texture Consistencycited by 53
  25. 2018Deep Directional Statistics: Pose Estimation with Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 45
  26. 2020Probabilistic orientation estimation with matrix Fisher distributionscited by 36
  27. 2019Shape-Aware Human Pose and Shape Reconstruction Using Multi-View Imagescited by 28
  28. 2020Appearance Consensus Driven Self-Supervised Human Mesh Recoverycited by 27
  29. 2017Optical Flow-based 3D Human Motion Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 12

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 11; 2023: 11; 2024: 12; 2025: 2.

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  1. 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
  2. 2021Probabilistic Modeling for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 153
  3. 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 153
  4. 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
  5. 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
  6. 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 55
  7. 2022Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic Attributescited by 50
  8. 2021Hierarchical Kinematic Probability Distributions for 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Images in the Wildcited by 48
  9. 2023SplatArmor: Articulated Gaussian splatting for animatable humans from monocular RGB videoscited by 35
  10. 2022Benchmarking and Analyzing 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation Beyond Algorithmscited by 28
  11. 2023HuManiFlow: Ancestor-Conditioned Normalising Flows on SO(3) Manifolds for Human Pose and Shape Distribution Estimationcited by 24
  12. 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
28 more
  1. 2021Coarse-to-fine Animal Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 16
  2. 2022H4D: Human 4D Modeling by Learning Neural Compositional Representationcited by 15
  3. 2024MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 14
  4. 2023VQ-HPS: Human Pose and Shape Estimation in a Vector-Quantized Latent Spacecited by 13
  5. 2023Delving Deep into Pixel Alignment Feature for Accurate Multi-view Human Mesh Recoverycited by 10
  6. 2022Self-supervised Human Mesh Recovery with Cross-Representation Alignmentcited by 9
  7. 2022VL4Pose: Active Learning Through Out-Of-Distribution Detection For Pose Estimationcited by 9
  8. 2022Progressive Multi-view Human Mesh Recovery with Self-Supervisioncited by 9
  9. 2024SMPLer: Taming Transformers for Monocular 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimationcited by 9
  10. 2023Body Knowledge and Uncertainty Modeling for Monocular 3D Human Body Reconstructioncited by 8
  11. 2024Normalizing Flows on the Product Space of SO(3) Manifolds for Probabilistic Human Pose Modelingcited by 7
  12. 2023KBody: Towards general, robust, and aligned monocular whole-body estimationcited by 6
  13. 2021Probabilistic Estimation of 3D Human Shape and Pose with a Semantic Local Parametric Modelcited by 5
  14. 2023GloPro: Globally-Consistent Uncertainty-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation & Tracking in the Wildcited by 5
  15. 2024StackFLOW: Monocular Human-Object Reconstruction by Stacked Normalizing Flow with Offsetcited by 5
  16. 2024Multi-hypotheses Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for 3D Human Reconstruction from Occluded Imagescited by 5
  17. 2024CondiMen: Conditional Multi-Person Mesh Recoverycited by 5
  18. 2024ShapeBoost: Boosting Human Shape Estimation with Part-Based Parameterization and Clothing-Preserving Augmentationcited by 4
  19. 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recoverycited by 4
  20. 2022Multi-view Human Body Mesh Translatorcited by 3
  21. 2022Human Body Measurement Estimation with Adversarial Augmentationcited by 3
  22. 2023Shape of You: Precise 3D shape estimations for diverse body typescited by 3
  23. 2024MoCap-to-Visual Domain Adaptation for Efficient Human Mesh Estimation from 2D Keypointscited by 3
  24. 2023Mesh Strikes Back: Fast and Efficient Human Reconstruction from RGB videoscited by 2
  25. 2023SHARE: Single-view Human Adversarial REconstructioncited by 0
  26. 2024Multi-RoI Human Mesh Recovery with Camera Consistency and Contrastive Lossescited by 0
  27. 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusioncited by 0
  28. 2025Point2Pose: A Generative Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimation with Multi-View Point Cloud Datasetcited by 0