Hierarchical Kinematic Probability Distributions for 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Images in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper addresses the problem of 3D human body shape and pose estimation from an RGB image. This is often an ill-posed problem, since multiple plausible 3D bodies may match the visual evidence present in the input - particularly when the subject is occluded. Thus, it is desirable to estimate a distribution over 3D body shape and pose conditioned on the input image instead of a single 3D reconstruction. We train a deep neural network to estimate a hierarchical matrix-Fisher distribution over relative 3D joint rotation matrices (i.e. body pose), which exploits the human body's kinematic tree structure, as well as a Gaussian distribution over SMPL body shape parameters. To further ensure that the predicted shape and pose distributions match the visual evidence in the input image, we implement a differentiable rejection sampler to impose a reprojection loss between ground-truth 2D joint coordinates and samples from the predicted distributions, projected onto the image plane. We show that our method is competitive with the state-of-the-art in terms of 3D shape and pose metrics on the SSP-3D and 3DPW datasets, while also yielding a structured probability distribution over 3D body shape and pose, with which we can meaningfully quantify prediction uncertainty and sample multiple plausible 3D reconstructions to explain a given input image. Code is available at https://github.com/akashsengupta1997/HierarchicalProbabilistic3DHuman .
Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2021.
Builds on
41 of 66 references.
References · 41
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29 more
- 2018DensePose: Dense Human Pose Estimation In The Wildcited by 575
- 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
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- 2020I2L-MeshNet: Image-to-Lixel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Mesh Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 274
- 2019Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 270
- 2020Pose2Mesh: Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Human Pose and Mesh Recovery from a 2D Human Posecited by 248
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- 2018Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiescited by 239
- 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
- 2017Unite the People: Closing the Loop Between 3D and 2D Human Representationscited by 205
- 2018Neural Body Fitting: Unifying Deep Learning and Model-Based Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 185
- 2021Probabilistic Modeling for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 153
- 2018BodyNet: Volumetric Inference of 3D Human Body Shapescited by 141
- 2019DenseRaC: Joint 3D Pose and Shape Estimation by Dense Render-and-Comparecited by 100
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 14; 2024: 17; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.
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- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 153
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
- 2022Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic Attributescited by 50
- 2022TORE: Token Reduction for Efficient Human Mesh Recovery with Transformercited by 41
- 2022Learned Vertex Descent: A New Direction for 3D Human Model Fittingcited by 37
- 2023SplatArmor: Articulated Gaussian splatting for animatable humans from monocular RGB videoscited by 35
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 28
- 2023HuManiFlow: Ancestor-Conditioned Normalising Flows on SO(3) Manifolds for Human Pose and Shape Distribution Estimationcited by 24
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
- 2023POCO: 3D Pose and Shape Estimation with Confidencecited by 21
36 more
- 2024MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 14
- 2024DiffHuman: Probabilistic Photorealistic 3D Reconstruction of Humanscited by 13
- 2024SimpleEgo: Predicting Probabilistic Body Pose from Egocentric Camerascited by 12
- 2023AAMDM: Accelerated Auto-regressive Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 10
- 2022Self-supervised Human Mesh Recovery with Cross-Representation Alignmentcited by 9
- 2022Progressive Multi-view Human Mesh Recovery with Self-Supervisioncited by 9
- 2023Body Knowledge and Uncertainty Modeling for Monocular 3D Human Body Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2024Normalizing Flows on the Product Space of SO(3) Manifolds for Probabilistic Human Pose Modelingcited by 7
- 2024Controlling Human Shape and Pose in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models via Domain Adaptationcited by 7
- 2025ADHMR: Aligning Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recovery via Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 7
- 2023KBody: Towards general, robust, and aligned monocular whole-body estimationcited by 6
- 2021Probabilistic Estimation of 3D Human Shape and Pose with a Semantic Local Parametric Modelcited by 5
- 2024Multi-hypotheses Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for 3D Human Reconstruction from Occluded Imagescited by 5
- 2024CondiMen: Conditional Multi-Person Mesh Recoverycited by 5
- 2024ShapeBoost: Boosting Human Shape Estimation with Part-Based Parameterization and Clothing-Preserving Augmentationcited by 4
- 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recoverycited by 4
- 2022Human Body Measurement Estimation with Adversarial Augmentationcited by 3
- 2024MoCap-to-Visual Domain Adaptation for Efficient Human Mesh Estimation from 2D Keypointscited by 3
- 2022NeMo: 3D Neural Motion Fields from Multiple Video Instances of the Same Actioncited by 2
- 2023Mesh Strikes Back: Fast and Efficient Human Reconstruction from RGB videoscited by 2
- 2023Multimodal Active Measurement for Human Mesh Recovery in Close Proximitycited by 2
- 2026VLM-Guided Group Preference Alignment for Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recoverycited by 2
- 2023TAPE: Temporal Attention-based Probabilistic human pose and shape Estimationcited by 1
- 2023Motion-DVAE: Unsupervised learning for fast human motion denoisingcited by 1
- 2023AnthroNet: Conditional Generation of Humans via Anthropometricscited by 1
- 2024MOSS: Motion-based 3D Clothed Human Synthesis from Monocular Videocited by 1
- 2024Motion Diffusion-Guided 3D Global HMR from a Dynamic Cameracited by 1
- 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfercited by 1
- 2023SHARE: Single-view Human Adversarial REconstructioncited by 0
- 2024Using Motion Cues to Supervise Single-Frame Body Pose and Shape Estimation in Low Data Regimescited by 0
- 2024A Simple Strategy for Body Estimation from Partial-View Imagescited by 0
- 2024ProGraph: Temporally-alignable Probability Guided Graph Topological Modeling for 3D Human Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimationcited by 0
- 2026CQF-HMR: Continuous Quaternion Flows for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery from a Single Imagecited by 0
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recoverycited by 0
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026CQF-HMR: Continuous Quaternion Flows for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery from a Single Image1 Sep 2026
- 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimation18 May 2026
- 2026VLM-Guided Group Preference Alignment for Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recovery22 Feb 2026
- 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfer23 Nov 2025
- 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusion30 Sep 2025
- 2025ADHMR: Aligning Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recovery via Direct Preference Optimization15 May 2025
- 2024CondiMen: Conditional Multi-Person Mesh Recovery17 Dec 2024
- 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery25 Nov 2024
- 2024Motion Diffusion-Guided 3D Global HMR from a Dynamic Camera15 Nov 2024
- 2024Controlling Human Shape and Pose in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models via Domain Adaptation7 Nov 2024
- 2024ProGraph: Temporally-alignable Probability Guided Graph Topological Modeling for 3D Human Reconstruction7 Nov 2024
36 more
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hassle15 Oct 2024
- 2024Multi-hypotheses Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for 3D Human Reconstruction from Occluded Images27 Sep 2024
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation10 Jul 2024
- 2024MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recovery29 May 2024
- 2024MOSS: Motion-based 3D Clothed Human Synthesis from Monocular Video21 May 2024
- 2024A Simple Strategy for Body Estimation from Partial-View Images14 Apr 2024
- 2024MoCap-to-Visual Domain Adaptation for Efficient Human Mesh Estimation from 2D Keypoints10 Apr 2024
- 2024Normalizing Flows on the Product Space of SO(3) Manifolds for Probabilistic Human Pose Modeling8 Apr 2024
- 2024DiffHuman: Probabilistic Photorealistic 3D Reconstruction of Humans30 Mar 2024
- 2024ShapeBoost: Boosting Human Shape Estimation with Part-Based Parameterization and Clothing-Preserving Augmentation2 Mar 2024
- 2024Using Motion Cues to Supervise Single-Frame Body Pose and Shape Estimation in Low Data Regimes5 Feb 2024
- 2024SimpleEgo: Predicting Probabilistic Body Pose from Egocentric Cameras26 Jan 2024
- 2023SHARE: Single-view Human Adversarial REconstruction30 Dec 2023
- 2023AAMDM: Accelerated Auto-regressive Motion Diffusion Model2 Dec 2023
- 2023SplatArmor: Articulated Gaussian splatting for animatable humans from monocular RGB videos17 Nov 2023
- 2023Multimodal Active Measurement for Human Mesh Recovery in Close Proximity12 Oct 2023
- 2023AnthroNet: Conditional Generation of Humans via Anthropometrics7 Sep 2023
- 2023POCO: 3D Pose and Shape Estimation with Confidence24 Aug 2023
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimation19 Aug 2023
- 2023Body Knowledge and Uncertainty Modeling for Monocular 3D Human Body Reconstruction1 Aug 2023
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motion29 Jun 2023
- 2023Motion-DVAE: Unsupervised learning for fast human motion denoising9 Jun 2023
- 2023HuManiFlow: Ancestor-Conditioned Normalising Flows on SO(3) Manifolds for Human Pose and Shape Distribution Estimation11 May 2023
- 2023TAPE: Temporal Attention-based Probabilistic human pose and shape Estimation29 Apr 2023
- 2023KBody: Towards general, robust, and aligned monocular whole-body estimation23 Apr 2023
- 2023Mesh Strikes Back: Fast and Efficient Human Reconstruction from RGB videos15 Mar 2023
- 2022NeMo: 3D Neural Motion Fields from Multiple Video Instances of the Same Action28 Dec 2022
- 2022Progressive Multi-view Human Mesh Recovery with Self-Supervision10 Dec 2022
- 2022TORE: Token Reduction for Efficient Human Mesh Recovery with Transformer19 Nov 2022
- 2022Human Body Measurement Estimation with Adversarial Augmentation11 Oct 2022
- 2022Self-supervised Human Mesh Recovery with Cross-Representation Alignment10 Sep 2022
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Images13 Jul 2022
- 2022Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic Attributes14 Jun 2022
- 2022Learned Vertex Descent: A New Direction for 3D Human Model Fitting12 May 2022
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Survey3 Mar 2022
- 2021Probabilistic Estimation of 3D Human Shape and Pose with a Semantic Local Parametric Model30 Nov 2021
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 153
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
- 2022Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic Attributescited by 50
- 2022TORE: Token Reduction for Efficient Human Mesh Recovery with Transformercited by 41
- 2022Learned Vertex Descent: A New Direction for 3D Human Model Fittingcited by 37
- 2023SplatArmor: Articulated Gaussian splatting for animatable humans from monocular RGB videoscited by 35
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 28
- 2023HuManiFlow: Ancestor-Conditioned Normalising Flows on SO(3) Manifolds for Human Pose and Shape Distribution Estimationcited by 24
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
- 2023POCO: 3D Pose and Shape Estimation with Confidencecited by 21
12 most cited of 44 All 44 (JSON)
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026CQF-HMR: Continuous Quaternion Flows for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery from a Single Image1 Sep 2026
- 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimation18 May 2026
- 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfer23 Nov 2025
- 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusion30 Sep 2025
- 2025ADHMR: Aligning Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recovery via Direct Preference Optimization15 May 2025
- 2024CondiMen: Conditional Multi-Person Mesh Recovery17 Dec 2024
- 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery25 Nov 2024
- 2024Motion Diffusion-Guided 3D Global HMR from a Dynamic Camera15 Nov 2024
- 2024ProGraph: Temporally-alignable Probability Guided Graph Topological Modeling for 3D Human Reconstruction7 Nov 2024
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hassle15 Oct 2024
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation10 Jul 2024
12 newest of 44 All 44 (JSON)