mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Hierarchical Kinematic Probability Distributions for 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Images in the Wild

arXiv 2110.00990 ↗First posted 3 Oct 2021cs.CVcited by 48

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper addresses the problem of 3D human body shape and pose estimation from an RGB image. This is often an ill-posed problem, since multiple plausible 3D bodies may match the visual evidence present in the input - particularly when the subject is occluded. Thus, it is desirable to estimate a distribution over 3D body shape and pose conditioned on the input image instead of a single 3D reconstruction. We train a deep neural network to estimate a hierarchical matrix-Fisher distribution over relative 3D joint rotation matrices (i.e. body pose), which exploits the human body's kinematic tree structure, as well as a Gaussian distribution over SMPL body shape parameters. To further ensure that the predicted shape and pose distributions match the visual evidence in the input image, we implement a differentiable rejection sampler to impose a reprojection loss between ground-truth 2D joint coordinates and samples from the predicted distributions, projected onto the image plane. We show that our method is competitive with the state-of-the-art in terms of 3D shape and pose metrics on the SSP-3D and 3DPW datasets, while also yielding a structured probability distribution over 3D body shape and pose, with which we can meaningfully quantify prediction uncertainty and sample multiple plausible 3D reconstructions to explain a given input image. Code is available at https://github.com/akashsengupta1997/HierarchicalProbabilistic3DHuman .

Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2021.

Builds on

41 of 66 references.

References · 41

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
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  5. 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,612
  6. 2015LSUN: Construction of a Large-scale Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loopcited by 1,355
  7. 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Human Pose Estimationcited by 1,339
  8. 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
  9. 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
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  11. 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
  12. 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 627
29 more
  1. 2018DensePose: Dense Human Pose Estimation In The Wildcited by 575
  2. 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
  3. 2019PointRend: Image Segmentation as Renderingcited by 440
  4. 2017Learning from Synthetic Humanscited by 359
  5. 2020HybrIK: A Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics Solution for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 307
  6. 2020I2L-MeshNet: Image-to-Lixel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Mesh Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 274
  7. 2019Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 270
  8. 2020Pose2Mesh: Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Human Pose and Mesh Recovery from a 2D Human Posecited by 248
  9. 2019Multi-Garment Net: Learning to Dress 3D People from Imagescited by 245
  10. 2018Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiescited by 239
  11. 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
  12. 2017Unite the People: Closing the Loop Between 3D and 2D Human Representationscited by 205
  13. 2018Neural Body Fitting: Unifying Deep Learning and Model-Based Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 185
  14. 2021Probabilistic Modeling for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 153
  15. 2018BodyNet: Volumetric Inference of 3D Human Body Shapescited by 141
  16. 2019DenseRaC: Joint 3D Pose and Shape Estimation by Dense Render-and-Comparecited by 100
  17. 2019Generating Multiple Hypotheses for 3D Human Pose Estimation with Mixture Density Networkcited by 92
  18. 2021Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation with Normalizing Flowscited by 85
  19. 2020Synthetic Training for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation in the Wildcited by 82
  20. 2020Hierarchical Kinematic Human Mesh Recoverycited by 71
  21. 20203D Human Mesh Regression with Dense Correspondencecited by 66
  22. 2019TexturePose: Supervising Human Mesh Estimation with Texture Consistencycited by 53
  23. 2018Deep Directional Statistics: Pose Estimation with Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 45
  24. 2021Probabilistic 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Multiple Unconstrained Images in the Wildcited by 40
  25. 2020Probabilistic orientation estimation with matrix Fisher distributionscited by 36
  26. 2017Generating Multiple Diverse Hypotheses for Human 3D Pose Consistent with 2D Joint Detectionscited by 30
  27. 2020Appearance Consensus Driven Self-Supervised Human Mesh Recoverycited by 27
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  29. 2017Bayesian Attitude Estimation with the Matrix Fisher Distribution on SO(3)cited by 11

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 14; 2024: 17; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.

48 papers.

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  1. 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
  2. 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 153
  3. 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
  4. 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
  5. 2022Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic Attributescited by 50
  6. 2022TORE: Token Reduction for Efficient Human Mesh Recovery with Transformercited by 41
  7. 2022Learned Vertex Descent: A New Direction for 3D Human Model Fittingcited by 37
  8. 2023SplatArmor: Articulated Gaussian splatting for animatable humans from monocular RGB videoscited by 35
  9. 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 28
  10. 2023HuManiFlow: Ancestor-Conditioned Normalising Flows on SO(3) Manifolds for Human Pose and Shape Distribution Estimationcited by 24
  11. 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
  12. 2023POCO: 3D Pose and Shape Estimation with Confidencecited by 21
36 more
  1. 2024MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 14
  2. 2024DiffHuman: Probabilistic Photorealistic 3D Reconstruction of Humanscited by 13
  3. 2024SimpleEgo: Predicting Probabilistic Body Pose from Egocentric Camerascited by 12
  4. 2023AAMDM: Accelerated Auto-regressive Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 10
  5. 2022Self-supervised Human Mesh Recovery with Cross-Representation Alignmentcited by 9
  6. 2022Progressive Multi-view Human Mesh Recovery with Self-Supervisioncited by 9
  7. 2023Body Knowledge and Uncertainty Modeling for Monocular 3D Human Body Reconstructioncited by 8
  8. 2024Normalizing Flows on the Product Space of SO(3) Manifolds for Probabilistic Human Pose Modelingcited by 7
  9. 2024Controlling Human Shape and Pose in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models via Domain Adaptationcited by 7
  10. 2025ADHMR: Aligning Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recovery via Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 7
  11. 2023KBody: Towards general, robust, and aligned monocular whole-body estimationcited by 6
  12. 2021Probabilistic Estimation of 3D Human Shape and Pose with a Semantic Local Parametric Modelcited by 5
  13. 2024Multi-hypotheses Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for 3D Human Reconstruction from Occluded Imagescited by 5
  14. 2024CondiMen: Conditional Multi-Person Mesh Recoverycited by 5
  15. 2024ShapeBoost: Boosting Human Shape Estimation with Part-Based Parameterization and Clothing-Preserving Augmentationcited by 4
  16. 2024Utilizing Uncertainty in 2D Pose Detectors for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recoverycited by 4
  17. 2022Human Body Measurement Estimation with Adversarial Augmentationcited by 3
  18. 2024MoCap-to-Visual Domain Adaptation for Efficient Human Mesh Estimation from 2D Keypointscited by 3
  19. 2022NeMo: 3D Neural Motion Fields from Multiple Video Instances of the Same Actioncited by 2
  20. 2023Mesh Strikes Back: Fast and Efficient Human Reconstruction from RGB videoscited by 2
  21. 2023Multimodal Active Measurement for Human Mesh Recovery in Close Proximitycited by 2
  22. 2026VLM-Guided Group Preference Alignment for Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recoverycited by 2
  23. 2023TAPE: Temporal Attention-based Probabilistic human pose and shape Estimationcited by 1
  24. 2023Motion-DVAE: Unsupervised learning for fast human motion denoisingcited by 1
  25. 2023AnthroNet: Conditional Generation of Humans via Anthropometricscited by 1
  26. 2024MOSS: Motion-based 3D Clothed Human Synthesis from Monocular Videocited by 1
  27. 2024Motion Diffusion-Guided 3D Global HMR from a Dynamic Cameracited by 1
  28. 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfercited by 1
  29. 2023SHARE: Single-view Human Adversarial REconstructioncited by 0
  30. 2024Using Motion Cues to Supervise Single-Frame Body Pose and Shape Estimation in Low Data Regimescited by 0
  31. 2024A Simple Strategy for Body Estimation from Partial-View Imagescited by 0
  32. 2024ProGraph: Temporally-alignable Probability Guided Graph Topological Modeling for 3D Human Reconstructioncited by 0
  33. 2025LieHMR: Autoregressive Human Mesh Recovery with SO(3) Diffusioncited by 0
  34. 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimationcited by 0
  35. 2026CQF-HMR: Continuous Quaternion Flows for Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Recovery from a Single Imagecited by 0
  36. 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recoverycited by 0