mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitization

arXiv 1905.05172 ↗First posted 13 May 2019cs.CV cs.GRcited by 818

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Cited by 55 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce Pixel-aligned Implicit Function (PIFu), a highly effective implicit representation that locally aligns pixels of 2D images with the global context of their corresponding 3D object. Using PIFu, we propose an end-to-end deep learning method for digitizing highly detailed clothed humans that can infer both 3D surface and texture from a single image, and optionally, multiple input images. Highly intricate shapes, such as hairstyles, clothing, as well as their variations and deformations can be digitized in a unified way. Compared to existing representations used for 3D deep learning, PIFu can produce high-resolution surfaces including largely unseen regions such as the back of a person. In particular, it is memory efficient unlike the voxel representation, can handle arbitrary topology, and the resulting surface is spatially aligned with the input image. Furthermore, while previous techniques are designed to process either a single image or multiple views, PIFu extends naturally to arbitrary number of views. We demonstrate high-resolution and robust reconstructions on real world images from the DeepFashion dataset, which contains a variety of challenging clothing types. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a public benchmark and outperforms the prior work for clothed human digitization from a single image.

Key facts. Cited by 818 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 May 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 180; 2022: 192; 2023: 197; 2024: 132; 2025: 73; 2026: 44.

818 papers.

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  1. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
  2. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
  3. 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 990
  4. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  5. 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
  6. 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 698
  7. 2021Common Objects in 3D: Large-Scale Learning and Evaluation of Real-life 3D Category Reconstructioncited by 646
  8. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
  9. 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 614
  10. 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
  11. 2023One-2-3-45: Any Single Image to 3D Mesh in 45 Seconds without Per-Shape Optimizationcited by 555
  12. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
38 more
  1. 2021Deep Marching Tetrahedra: a Hybrid Representation for High-Resolution 3D Shape Synthesiscited by 459
  2. 2021Implicit Behavioral Cloningcited by 442
  3. 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
  4. 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
  5. 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 389
  6. 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
  7. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
  8. 2023Metric3D: Towards Zero-shot Metric 3D Prediction from A Single Imagecited by 357
  9. 2021AD-NeRF: Audio Driven Neural Radiance Fields for Talking Head Synthesiscited by 339
  10. 2021Light Field Networks: Neural Scene Representations with Single-Evaluation Renderingcited by 330
  11. 2023OmniObject3D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Realistic Perception, Reconstruction and Generationcited by 324
  12. 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
  13. 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 312
  14. 2022NeuS2: Fast Learning of Neural Implicit Surfaces for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 311
  15. 2023SurroundOcc: Multi-Camera 3D Occupancy Prediction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 310
  16. 2021StyleSDF: High-Resolution 3D-Consistent Image and Geometry Generationcited by 289
  17. 2021ICON: Implicit Clothed humans Obtained from Normalscited by 283
  18. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
  19. 2023Generative Novel View Synthesis with 3D-Aware Diffusion Modelscited by 273
  20. 2021PyMAF: 3D Human Pose and Shape Regression with Pyramidal Mesh Alignment Feedback Loopcited by 250
  21. 2021Function4D: Real-time Human Volumetric Capture from Very Sparse Consumer RGBD Sensorscited by 246
  22. 2022BEHAVE: Dataset and Method for Tracking Human Object Interactionscited by 246
  23. 2021NeuralRecon: Real-Time Coherent 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 241
  24. 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
  25. 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224
  26. 2021SNARF: Differentiable Forward Skinning for Animating Non-Rigid Neural Implicit Shapescited by 221
  27. 2021GRAM: Generative Radiance Manifolds for 3D-Aware Image Generationcited by 216
  28. 2023Implicit Diffusion Models for Continuous Super-Resolutioncited by 216
  29. 2021Neural Descriptor Fields: SE(3)-Equivariant Object Representations for Manipulationcited by 204
  30. 2021AGORA: Avatars in Geography Optimized for Regression Analysiscited by 203
  31. 2021Fake It Till You Make It: Face analysis in the wild using synthetic data alonecited by 200
  32. 2022ECON: Explicit Clothed humans Optimized via Normal integrationcited by 199
  33. 2021Neural Articulated Radiance Fieldcited by 196
  34. 2021Neural Rays for Occlusion-aware Image-based Renderingcited by 192
  35. 2021NerfingMVS: Guided Optimization of Neural Radiance Fields for Indoor Multi-view Stereocited by 191
  36. 2021Stereo Radiance Fields (SRF): Learning View Synthesis for Sparse Views of Novel Scenescited by 190
  37. 2023GaussianAvatar: Towards Realistic Human Avatar Modeling from a Single Video via Animatable 3D Gaussianscited by 190
  38. 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181

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