Gaga: Group Any Gaussians via 3D-aware Memory Bank
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce Gaga, a framework that reconstructs and segments open-world 3D scenes by leveraging inconsistent 2D masks predicted by zero-shot class-agnostic segmentation models. Contrasted to prior 3D scene segmentation approaches that rely on video object tracking or contrastive learning methods, Gaga utilizes spatial information and effectively associates object masks across diverse camera poses through a novel 3D-aware memory bank. By eliminating the assumption of continuous view changes in training images, Gaga demonstrates robustness to variations in camera poses, particularly beneficial for sparsely sampled images, ensuring precise mask label consistency. Furthermore, Gaga accommodates 2D segmentation masks from diverse sources and demonstrates robust performance with different open-world zero-shot class-agnostic segmentation models, significantly enhancing its versatility. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate that Gaga performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods, emphasizing its potential for real-world applications such as 3D scene understanding and manipulation.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Apr 2024.
Builds on
35 of 46 references.
References · 35
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2023Grounding DINO: Marrying DINO with Grounded Pre-Training for Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 3,274
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
- 2022Language-driven Semantic Segmentationcited by 711
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
- 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 596
- 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
23 more
- 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 411
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
- 2022Decomposing NeRF for Editing via Feature Field Distillationcited by 370
- 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
- 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
- 2023Track Anything: Segment Anything Meets Videoscited by 230
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2023Language Embedded 3D Gaussians for Open-Vocabulary Scene Understandingcited by 205
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
- 2023Segment and Track Anythingcited by 193
- 2022Panoptic Lifting for 3D Scene Understanding with Neural Fieldscited by 171
- 2023Segment Any 3D Gaussianscited by 158
- 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
- 2023Weakly Supervised 3D Open-vocabulary Segmentationcited by 133
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 2024GARField: Group Anything with Radiance Fieldscited by 108
- 2022High-Quality Entity Segmentationcited by 93
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learningcited by 75
- 2022DM-NeRF: 3D Scene Geometry Decomposition and Manipulation from 2D Imagescited by 69
- 2023Instance Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 39
- 2024N2F2: Hierarchical Scene Understanding with Nested Neural Feature Fieldscited by 34
- 2023Interactive Segment Anything NeRF with Feature Imitationcited by 24
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 20; 2026: 15.
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- 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
- 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
- 2025Lifting by Gaussians: A Simple, Fast and Flexible Method for 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 23
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2024SLGaussian: Fast Language Gaussian Splatting in Sparse Viewscited by 17
- 2025Tackling View-Dependent Semantics in 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2025Wheat3DGS: In-field 3D Reconstruction, Instance Segmentation and Phenotyping of Wheat Heads with Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025Trace3D: Consistent Segmentation Lifting via Gaussian Instance Tracingcited by 13
- 2024TRASE: Tracking-free 4D Segmentation and Editingcited by 8
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenescited by 8
- 2025Pointmap Association and Piecewise-Plane Constraint for Consistent and Compact 3D Gaussian Segmentation Fieldcited by 6
28 more
- 2025REALM: An MLLM-Agent Framework for Open World 3D Reasoning Segmentation and Editing on Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
- 2025Bayesian Fields: Task-driven Open-Set Semantic Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2025DCHM: Depth-Consistent Human Modeling for Multiview Detectioncited by 5
- 2026OpenVoxel: Training-Free Grouping and Captioning Voxels for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 5
- 2024Gradient-Weighted Feature Back-Projection: A Fast Alternative to Feature Distillation in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
- 2025MGSR: 2D/3D Mutual-boosted Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Surface Reconstruction under Various Light Conditionscited by 4
- 2025OVSeg3R: Learn Open-vocabulary Instance Segmentation from 2D via 3D Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2025Split4D: Decomposed 4D Scene Reconstruction Without Video Segmentationcited by 4
- 2026Space-Time Forecasting of Dynamic Scenes with Motion-aware Gaussian Groupingcited by 3
- 2024Enforcing View-Consistency in Class-Agnostic 3D Segmentation Fieldscited by 2
- 2025IGFuse: Interactive 3D Gaussian Scene Reconstruction via Multi-Scans Fusioncited by 2
- 2025Consistent Instance Field for Dynamic Scene Understandingcited by 2
- 2026WorldAct: Activating Monolithic 3D Worlds into Interactive-Ready Object-Centric Scenescited by 2
- 2025DSG-World: Learning a 3D Gaussian World Model from Dual State Videoscited by 1
- 2025CoRe-GS: Coarse-to-Refined Gaussian Splatting with Semantic Object Focuscited by 1
- 2026B3-Seg: Camera-Free, Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via Analytic EIG and Beta-Bernoulli Bayesian Updatescited by 1
- 2026GASE: Gaussian Splatting-Based Automated System for Reconstructing Embodied-Simulation Environmentscited by 1
- 2025Quantile Rendering: Efficiently Embedding High-dimensional Feature on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026CSGaussian: Progressive Rate-Distortion Compression and Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026TIBR4D: Tracing-Guided Iterative Boundary Refinement for Efficient 4D Gaussian Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Indoor Asset Detection in Large Scale 360deg Drone-Captured Imagery via 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026GS4City: Hierarchical Semantic Gaussian Splatting via City-Model Priorscited by 0
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Relation-Centric Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussian Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026LEGO: Leveled Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Seed2GS: Camera-Free, Training-Free Object Extraction from 3D Gaussian Scenes via a Single Reference-View Groundingcited by 0
- 2026VCAR: Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via View Completeness and Axis-Aware Boundary Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Zero-Shot 3D Plant Organ Segmentation with SAM3 and Semantic NeRFscited by 0
- 2026Zero-Shot 3D Plant Organ Segmentation with SAM3 and Semantic NeRFs7 Sep 2026
- 2026VCAR: Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via View Completeness and Axis-Aware Boundary Refinement31 Aug 2026
- 2026Seed2GS: Camera-Free, Training-Free Object Extraction from 3D Gaussian Scenes via a Single Reference-View Grounding12 Aug 2026
- 2026LEGO: Leveled Language Gaussian Splatting10 Aug 2026
- 2026Relation-Centric Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussian Segmentation1 Jul 2026
- 2026GASE: Gaussian Splatting-Based Automated System for Reconstructing Embodied-Simulation Environments16 Jun 2026
- 2026WorldAct: Activating Monolithic 3D Worlds into Interactive-Ready Object-Centric Scenes15 May 2026
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extraction10 May 2026
- 2026GS4City: Hierarchical Semantic Gaussian Splatting via City-Model Priors13 Apr 2026
- 2026Indoor Asset Detection in Large Scale 360deg Drone-Captured Imagery via 3D Gaussian Splatting7 Apr 2026
- 2026Space-Time Forecasting of Dynamic Scenes with Motion-aware Gaussian Grouping25 Feb 2026
- 2026B3-Seg: Camera-Free, Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via Analytic EIG and Beta-Bernoulli Bayesian Updates19 Feb 2026
28 more
- 2026TIBR4D: Tracing-Guided Iterative Boundary Refinement for Efficient 4D Gaussian Segmentation9 Feb 2026
- 2026CSGaussian: Progressive Rate-Distortion Compression and Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Jan 2026
- 2026OpenVoxel: Training-Free Grouping and Captioning Voxels for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding14 Jan 2026
- 2025Split4D: Decomposed 4D Scene Reconstruction Without Video Segmentation28 Dec 2025
- 2025Quantile Rendering: Efficiently Embedding High-dimensional Feature on 3D Gaussian Splatting24 Dec 2025
- 2025Consistent Instance Field for Dynamic Scene Understanding16 Dec 2025
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenes9 Nov 2025
- 2025REALM: An MLLM-Agent Framework for Open World 3D Reasoning Segmentation and Editing on Gaussian Splatting18 Oct 2025
- 2025OVSeg3R: Learn Open-vocabulary Instance Segmentation from 2D via 3D Reconstruction28 Sep 2025
- 2025CoRe-GS: Coarse-to-Refined Gaussian Splatting with Semantic Object Focus5 Sep 2025
- 2025IGFuse: Interactive 3D Gaussian Scene Reconstruction via Multi-Scans Fusion18 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Trace3D: Consistent Segmentation Lifting via Gaussian Instance Tracing5 Aug 2025
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splatting21 Jul 2025
- 2025DCHM: Depth-Consistent Human Modeling for Multiview Detection19 Jul 2025
- 2025DSG-World: Learning a 3D Gaussian World Model from Dual State Videos5 Jun 2025
- 2025Tackling View-Dependent Semantics in 3D Language Gaussian Splatting30 May 2025
- 2025Wheat3DGS: In-field 3D Reconstruction, Instance Segmentation and Phenotyping of Wheat Heads with Gaussian Splatting9 Apr 2025
- 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splatting18 Mar 2025
- 2025Bayesian Fields: Task-driven Open-Set Semantic Gaussian Splatting7 Mar 2025
- 2025MGSR: 2D/3D Mutual-boosted Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Surface Reconstruction under Various Light Conditions7 Mar 2025
- 2025Pointmap Association and Piecewise-Plane Constraint for Consistent and Compact 3D Gaussian Segmentation Field22 Feb 2025
- 2025Lifting by Gaussians: A Simple, Fast and Flexible Method for 3D Instance Segmentation31 Jan 2025
- 2024SLGaussian: Fast Language Gaussian Splatting in Sparse Views11 Dec 2024
- 2024TRASE: Tracking-free 4D Segmentation and Editing28 Nov 2024
- 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perception28 Nov 2024
- 2024Gradient-Weighted Feature Back-Projection: A Fast Alternative to Feature Distillation in 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Nov 2024
- 2024Enforcing View-Consistency in Class-Agnostic 3D Segmentation Fields19 Aug 2024
- 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
- 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
- 2025Lifting by Gaussians: A Simple, Fast and Flexible Method for 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 23
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2024SLGaussian: Fast Language Gaussian Splatting in Sparse Viewscited by 17
- 2025Tackling View-Dependent Semantics in 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2025Wheat3DGS: In-field 3D Reconstruction, Instance Segmentation and Phenotyping of Wheat Heads with Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025Trace3D: Consistent Segmentation Lifting via Gaussian Instance Tracingcited by 13
- 2024TRASE: Tracking-free 4D Segmentation and Editingcited by 8
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenescited by 8
- 2025Pointmap Association and Piecewise-Plane Constraint for Consistent and Compact 3D Gaussian Segmentation Fieldcited by 6
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026Zero-Shot 3D Plant Organ Segmentation with SAM3 and Semantic NeRFs7 Sep 2026
- 2026VCAR: Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via View Completeness and Axis-Aware Boundary Refinement31 Aug 2026
- 2026Seed2GS: Camera-Free, Training-Free Object Extraction from 3D Gaussian Scenes via a Single Reference-View Grounding12 Aug 2026
- 2026LEGO: Leveled Language Gaussian Splatting10 Aug 2026
- 2026Relation-Centric Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussian Segmentation1 Jul 2026
- 2026GASE: Gaussian Splatting-Based Automated System for Reconstructing Embodied-Simulation Environments16 Jun 2026
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extraction10 May 2026
- 2026GS4City: Hierarchical Semantic Gaussian Splatting via City-Model Priors13 Apr 2026
- 2026Indoor Asset Detection in Large Scale 360deg Drone-Captured Imagery via 3D Gaussian Splatting7 Apr 2026
- 2026Space-Time Forecasting of Dynamic Scenes with Motion-aware Gaussian Grouping25 Feb 2026
- 2026B3-Seg: Camera-Free, Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via Analytic EIG and Beta-Bernoulli Bayesian Updates19 Feb 2026
- 2026TIBR4D: Tracing-Guided Iterative Boundary Refinement for Efficient 4D Gaussian Segmentation9 Feb 2026
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)