ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fields
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present ESLAM, an efficient implicit neural representation method for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). ESLAM reads RGB-D frames with unknown camera poses in a sequential manner and incrementally reconstructs the scene representation while estimating the current camera position in the scene. We incorporate the latest advances in Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) into a SLAM system, resulting in an efficient and accurate dense visual SLAM method. Our scene representation consists of multi-scale axis-aligned perpendicular feature planes and shallow decoders that, for each point in the continuous space, decode the interpolated features into Truncated Signed Distance Field (TSDF) and RGB values. Our extensive experiments on three standard datasets, Replica, ScanNet, and TUM RGB-D show that ESLAM improves the accuracy of 3D reconstruction and camera localization of state-of-the-art dense visual SLAM methods by more than 50%, while it runs up to 10 times faster and does not require any pre-training.
Key facts. Cited by 158 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 67 of its 90 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Nov 2022.
Builds on
67 of 90 references.
References · 67
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- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
- 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,689
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,280
- 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,232
- 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,205
- 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,198
- 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 996
38 more
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 904
- 2020ORB-SLAM3: An Accurate Open-Source Library for Visual, Visual-Inertial and Multi-Map SLAMcited by 878
- 2016ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Camerascited by 806
- 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 740
- 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 735
- 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 687
- 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 646
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 642
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 589
- 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 575
- 2016Direct Sparse Odometrycited by 485
- 2021iMAP: Implicit Mapping and Positioning in Real-Timecited by 476
- 2021Putting NeRF on a Diet: Semantically Consistent Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 464
- 2017VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimatorcited by 423
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
- 2020INeRF: Inverting Neural Radiance Fields for Pose Estimationcited by 382
- 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
- 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 313
- 2021StyleSDF: High-Resolution 3D-Consistent Image and Geometry Generationcited by 289
- 2021NeuralRecon: Real-Time Coherent 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 241
- 2020Atlas: End-to-End 3D Scene Reconstruction from Posed Imagescited by 206
- 2021Self-Calibrating Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 204
- 2021GeoNeRF: Generalizing NeRF with Geometry Priorscited by 196
- 2021NerfingMVS: Guided Optimization of Neural Radiance Fields for Indoor Multi-view Stereocited by 192
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2018BA-Net: Dense Bundle Adjustment Networkcited by 175
- 2017CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth predictioncited by 152
- 2018CodeSLAM - Learning a Compact, Optimisable Representation for Dense Visual SLAMcited by 152
- 2021NeRS: Neural Reflectance Surfaces for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 136
- 2016SemanticFusion: Dense 3D Semantic Mapping with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 135
- 2022NeuRIS: Neural Reconstruction of Indoor Scenes Using Normal Priorscited by 125
- 2020DeepFactors: Real-Time Probabilistic Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 117
- 2021NeRF-VAE: A Geometry Aware 3D Scene Generative Modelcited by 112
- 2022iSDF: Real-Time Neural Signed Distance Fields for Robot Perceptioncited by 109
- 2021TransformerFusion: Monocular RGB Scene Reconstruction using Transformerscited by 106
- 2017UnDeepVO: Monocular Visual Odometry through Unsupervised Deep Learningcited by 95
- 2022Neural 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 79
50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 22; 2024: 58; 2025: 49; 2026: 29.
158 papers.
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- 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 415
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 388
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 164
- 2023Point-SLAM: Dense Neural Point Cloud-based SLAMcited by 160
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 154
- 2023Photo-SLAM: Real-time Simultaneous Localization and Photorealistic Mapping for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 141
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
- 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
- 2024Splat-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only SLAM with 3D Gaussianscited by 66
- 2024RGBD GS-ICP SLAMcited by 65
38 more
- 2023PLGSLAM: Progressive Neural Scene Represenation with Local to Global Bundle Adjustmentcited by 63
- 2024LoopSplat: Loop Closure by Registering 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 60
- 2025WildGS-SLAM: Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM in Dynamic Environmentscited by 50
- 2024Loopy-SLAM: Dense Neural SLAM with Loop Closurescited by 48
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistencycited by 42
- 2024SemGauss-SLAM: Dense Semantic Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 42
- 2024GenNBV: Generalizable Next-Best-View Policy for Active 3D Reconstructioncited by 39
- 2024GlORIE-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only Implicit Encoding Point Cloud SLAMcited by 36
- 2023CP-SLAM: Collaborative Neural Point-based SLAM Systemcited by 32
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
- 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
- 2023Neural Implicit Dense Semantic SLAMcited by 26
- 2024Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting For Dense Visual SLAMcited by 25
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstructioncited by 25
- 2023MIPS-Fusion: Multi-Implicit-Submaps for Scalable and Robust Online Neural RGB-D Reconstructioncited by 24
- 2023DNS SLAM: Dense Neural Semantic-Informed SLAMcited by 23
- 2024DDN-SLAM: Real-time Dense Dynamic Neural Implicit SLAMcited by 23
- 2024MG-SLAM: Structure Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Manhattan World Hypothesiscited by 22
- 2025Outdoor Monocular SLAM with Global Scale-Consistent 3D Gaussian Pointmapscited by 22
- 2023Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Surveycited by 20
- 2024GSFusion: Online RGB-D Mapping Where Gaussian Splatting Meets TSDF Fusioncited by 20
- 2023UncLe-SLAM: Uncertainty Learning for Dense Neural SLAMcited by 19
- 2024Neural Radiance Field in Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 19
- 2024MoD-SLAM: Monocular Dense Mapping for Unbounded 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2025RGB-Only Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Unbounded Outdoor Scenescited by 18
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Surveycited by 16
- 2025Sat2City: 3D City Generation from A Single Satellite Image with Cascaded Latent Diffusioncited by 16
- 2024High-Fidelity SLAM Using Gaussian Splatting with Rendering-Guided Densification and Regularized Optimizationcited by 15
- 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2025DenseSplat: Densifying Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Neural Radiance Priorcited by 14
- 2025VPGS-SLAM: Voxel-based Progressive 3D Gaussian SLAM in Large-Scale Scenescited by 13
- 20254DTAM: Non-Rigid Tracking and Mapping via Dynamic Surface Gaussianscited by 13
- 2024MAGiC-SLAM: Multi-Agent Gaussian Globally Consistent SLAMcited by 12
- 2025Neural Radiance Fields for the Real World: A Surveycited by 12
- 2024Q-SLAM: Quadric Representations for Monocular SLAMcited by 11
- 2024PG-SLAM: Photo-realistic and Geometry-aware RGB-D SLAM in Dynamic Environmentscited by 11
- 2025SEGS-SLAM: Structure-enhanced 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Appearance Embeddingcited by 11
50 most cited of 158 All 158 (JSON)
- 2026Adaptive World Memory 3D Foundation Model for Scalable 3D Mapping, Localization, and Rendering18 Sep 2026
- 2026RawSLAM: Online HDR Gaussian SLAM from Linear Radiance17 Sep 2026
- 2026SCOUT-SLAM: Structurally-Coupled Dual Uncertainty-Aware 3DGS SLAM in the Wild13 Sep 2026
- 2026LightSplat: Real-Time High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian SLAM with Loop Closure7 Sep 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-Submap Implicit Neural SLAM with Local-to-Global Loop Closure for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction10 Aug 2026
- 2026CHOW-SLAM: Compact Hybrid Representation with Complementary Overlap Window Optimization for RGB-D SLAM3 Aug 2026
- 2026NSL-SLAM: High-Fidelity Neural Structured-Light Depth for Practical SLAM and Reconstruction27 Jul 2026
- 2026Track2Map: Online Deformable SLAM with Motion-Aware Pose Optimization in Robotic Surgery9 Jul 2026
- 2026VCS-SLAM: Geometry-Validated Semantic Evidence Fusion for 3D Gaussian SLAM28 Jun 2026
- 2026Spectral GS-SLAM: Observability-Aware, Degeneracy-Robust Tracking for Real-Time 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM19 Jun 2026
- 2026Triangle Splatting SLAM29 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Mono-Hydra++: Real-Time Monocular Scene Graph Construction with Multi-Task Learning for 3D Indoor Mapping17 May 2026
- 2026Flow4DGS-SLAM: Optical Flow-Guided 4D Gaussian Splatting SLAM24 Apr 2026
- 2026A Survey of Spatial Memory Representations for Efficient Robot Navigation13 Apr 2026
- 2026DINO-VO: Learning Where to Focus for Enhanced State Estimation5 Apr 2026
- 2026GS3LAM: Gaussian Semantic Splatting SLAM29 Mar 2026
- 2026SGAD-SLAM: Splatting Gaussians at Adjusted Depth for Better Radiance Fields in RGBD SLAM22 Mar 2026
- 2026DROID-SLAM in the Wild19 Mar 2026
- 2026VarSplat: Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust RGB-D SLAM10 Mar 2026
- 2026EndoSERV: A Vision-based Endoluminal Robot Navigation System9 Mar 2026
- 2026Dream-SLAM: Dreaming the Unseen for Active SLAM in Dynamic Environments25 Feb 2026
- 2026RU4D-SLAM: Reweighting Uncertainty in Gaussian Splatting SLAM for 4D Scene Reconstruction24 Feb 2026
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directions4 Feb 2026
- 2026EUGens: Efficient, Unified, and General Dense Layers30 Jan 2026
- 2026LangGS-SLAM: Real-Time Language-Feature Gaussian Splatting SLAM28 Jan 2026
- 2026ParkingTwin: Training-Free Streaming 3D Reconstruction for Parking-Lot Digital Twins20 Jan 2026
- 2026PointSLAM++: Robust Dense Neural Gaussian Point Cloud-based SLAM10 Jan 2026
- 2026FeatureSLAM: Feature-enriched 3D gaussian splatting SLAM in real time9 Jan 2026
- 2025FoundationSLAM: Unleashing the Power of Depth Foundation Models for End-to-End Dense Visual SLAM31 Dec 2025
- 2025RGS-SLAM: Robust Gaussian Splatting SLAM with One-Shot Dense Initialization28 Dec 2025
- 2025XGrid-Mapping: Explicit Implicit Hybrid Grid Submaps for Efficient Incremental Neural LiDAR Mapping24 Dec 2025
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Models3 Dec 2025
- 2025VIGS-SLAM: Visual Inertial Gaussian Splatting SLAM2 Dec 2025
- 2025Robust 3DGS-based SLAM via Adaptive Kernel Smoothing28 Nov 2025
- 2025Taming the Light: Illumination-Invariant Semantic 3DGS-SLAM28 Nov 2025
- 2025LEGO-SLAM: Language-Embedded Gaussian Optimization SLAM20 Nov 2025
- 2025iGaussian: Real-Time Camera Pose Estimation via Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting Inversion18 Nov 2025
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenes9 Nov 2025
- 2025MemGS: Memory-Efficient Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time SLAM16 Sep 2025
- 2025Gaussian-Plus-SDF SLAM: High-fidelity 3D Reconstruction at 150+ fps15 Sep 2025
- 2025PreSem-Surf: RGB-D Surface Reconstruction with Progressive Semantic Modeling and SG-MLP Pre-Rendering Mechanism17 Aug 2025
- 2025Pseudo Depth Meets Gaussian: A Feed-forward RGB SLAM Baseline6 Aug 2025
- 2025DINO-SLAM: DINO-informed RGB-D SLAM for Neural Implicit and Explicit Representations25 Jul 2025
- 2025RemixFusion: Residual-based Mixed Representation for Large-scale Online RGB-D Reconstruction23 Jul 2025
- 2025Sat2City: 3D City Generation from A Single Satellite Image with Cascaded Latent Diffusion6 Jul 2025
- 2025Outdoor Monocular SLAM with Global Scale-Consistent 3D Gaussian Pointmaps4 Jul 2025
- 2025EndoFlow-SLAM: Real-Time Endoscopic SLAM with Flow-Constrained Gaussian Splatting26 Jun 2025
- 2025GRAND-SLAM: Local Optimization for Globally Consistent Large-Scale Multi-Agent Gaussian SLAM23 Jun 2025
50 newest of 158 All 158 (JSON)
- 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 415
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 388
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 164
- 2023Point-SLAM: Dense Neural Point Cloud-based SLAMcited by 160
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 154
- 2023Photo-SLAM: Real-time Simultaneous Localization and Photorealistic Mapping for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 141
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
- 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
- 2024Splat-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only SLAM with 3D Gaussianscited by 66
- 2024RGBD GS-ICP SLAMcited by 65
12 most cited of 156 All 156 (JSON)
- 2026RawSLAM: Online HDR Gaussian SLAM from Linear Radiance17 Sep 2026
- 2026SCOUT-SLAM: Structurally-Coupled Dual Uncertainty-Aware 3DGS SLAM in the Wild13 Sep 2026
- 2026LightSplat: Real-Time High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian SLAM with Loop Closure7 Sep 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-Submap Implicit Neural SLAM with Local-to-Global Loop Closure for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction10 Aug 2026
- 2026CHOW-SLAM: Compact Hybrid Representation with Complementary Overlap Window Optimization for RGB-D SLAM3 Aug 2026
- 2026NSL-SLAM: High-Fidelity Neural Structured-Light Depth for Practical SLAM and Reconstruction27 Jul 2026
- 2026Track2Map: Online Deformable SLAM with Motion-Aware Pose Optimization in Robotic Surgery9 Jul 2026
- 2026VCS-SLAM: Geometry-Validated Semantic Evidence Fusion for 3D Gaussian SLAM28 Jun 2026
- 2026Spectral GS-SLAM: Observability-Aware, Degeneracy-Robust Tracking for Real-Time 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM19 Jun 2026
- 2026Triangle Splatting SLAM29 May 2026
- 2026Mono-Hydra++: Real-Time Monocular Scene Graph Construction with Multi-Task Learning for 3D Indoor Mapping17 May 2026
12 newest of 156 All 156 (JSON)