CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth prediction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Given the recent advances in depth prediction from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), this paper investigates how predicted depth maps from a deep neural network can be deployed for accurate and dense monocular reconstruction. We propose a method where CNN-predicted dense depth maps are naturally fused together with depth measurements obtained from direct monocular SLAM. Our fusion scheme privileges depth prediction in image locations where monocular SLAM approaches tend to fail, e.g. along low-textured regions, and vice-versa. We demonstrate the use of depth prediction for estimating the absolute scale of the reconstruction, hence overcoming one of the major limitations of monocular SLAM. Finally, we propose a framework to efficiently fuse semantic labels, obtained from a single frame, with dense SLAM, yielding semantically coherent scene reconstruction from a single view. Evaluation results on two benchmark datasets show the robustness and accuracy of our approach.
Key facts. Cited by 152 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Apr 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 35; 2022: 33; 2023: 31; 2024: 18; 2025: 25; 2026: 10.
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- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,526
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 527
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAMcited by 183
- 2021SceneGraphFusion: Incremental 3D Scene Graph Prediction from RGB-D Sequencescited by 159
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
- 2023GO-SLAM: Global Optimization for Consistent 3D Instant Reconstructioncited by 132
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2021Endo-Depth-and-Motion: Reconstruction and Tracking in Endoscopic Videos using Depth Networks and Photometric Constraintscited by 80
38 more
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- 2021Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth Learning from Videocited by 69
- 2023Contrastive Lift: 3D Object Instance Segmentation by Slow-Fast Contrastive Fusioncited by 62
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2023VA-DepthNet: A Variational Approach to Single Image Depth Predictioncited by 54
- 2021Kimera-Multi: Robust, Distributed, Dense Metric-Semantic SLAM for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 53
- 2021Hierarchical Representations and Explicit Memory: Learning Effective Navigation Policies on 3D Scene Graphs using Graph Neural Networkscited by 50
- 2023NDDepth: Normal-Distance Assisted Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 45
- 2025LONG3R: Long Sequence Streaming 3D Reconstructioncited by 45
- 2021TANDEM: Tracking and Dense Mapping in Real-time using Deep Multi-view Stereocited by 39
- 2023R3D3: Dense 3D Reconstruction of Dynamic Scenes from Multiple Camerascited by 39
- 2021Differentiable SLAM-net: Learning Particle SLAM for Visual Navigationcited by 34
- 2025WinT3R: Window-Based Streaming Reconstruction with Camera Token Poolcited by 32
- 2022SAGE: SLAM with Appearance and Geometry Prior for Endoscopycited by 28
- 2023GEDepth: Ground Embedding for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 26
- 2024Matching 2D Images in 3D: Metric Relative Pose from Metric Correspondencescited by 25
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstructioncited by 24
- 2021DF-VO: What Should Be Learnt for Visual Odometry?cited by 22
- 2021Voxel-based 3D Detection and Reconstruction of Multiple Objects from a Single Imagecited by 20
- 2022From 2D to 3D: Re-thinking Benchmarking of Monocular Depth Predictioncited by 19
- 2023EVEN: An Event-Based Framework for Monocular Depth Estimation at Adverse Night Conditionscited by 19
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- 2024MAC-VO: Metrics-aware Covariance for Learning-based Stereo Visual Odometrycited by 19
- 2023MACARONS: Mapping And Coverage Anticipation with RGB Online Self-Supervisioncited by 18
- 2025Relative Pose Estimation through Affine Corrections of Monocular Depth Priorscited by 18
- 2021VOLDOR: Visual Odometry from Log-logistic Dense Optical flow Residualscited by 17
- 2022Improving Monocular Visual Odometry Using Learned Depthcited by 17
- 2022MonoNeuralFusion: Online Monocular Neural 3D Reconstruction with Geometric Priorscited by 17
- 2021MBA-VO: Motion Blur Aware Visual Odometrycited by 16
- 2021Boosting Light-Weight Depth Estimation Via Knowledge Distillationcited by 16
- 2021CodeMapping: Real-Time Dense Mapping for Sparse SLAM using Compact Scene Representationscited by 16
- 2022GLPanoDepth: Global-to-Local Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2022Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 16
- 2023Single Image Depth Prediction Made Better: A Multivariate Gaussian Takecited by 14
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
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- 2024Adaptive Surface Normal Constraint for Geometric Estimation from Monocular Imagescited by 14
- 2022Learning Robotic Navigation from Experience: Principles, Methods, and Recent Resultscited by 13
50 most cited of 152 All 152 (JSON)
- 2026Know-Your-Scene (KYS)-SLAM: Hierarchical Semantic-Motion Priors for Feature Matching in Stereo Visual SLAM23 Sep 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026SA4Depth: Consistent Pose-Depth Scale Alignment for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation27 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-SLAM++8 Apr 2026
- 2026DINO-VO: Learning Where to Focus for Enhanced State Estimation5 Apr 2026
- 2026Edged USLAM: Edge-Aware Event-Based SLAM with Learning-Based Depth Priors9 Mar 2026
- 2026FLIGHT: Fibonacci Lattice-based Inference for Geometric Heading in real-Time26 Feb 2026
- 2026VGGT-Motion: Motion-Aware Calibration-Free Monocular SLAM for Long-Range Consistency5 Feb 2026
- 2026MA3DSG: Multi-Agent 3D Scene Graph Generation for Large-Scale Indoor Environments4 Feb 2026
- 2026SHED Light on Segmentation for Dense Prediction30 Jan 2026
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025DualCamCtrl: Dual-Branch Diffusion Model for Geometry-Aware Camera-Controlled Video Generation28 Nov 2025
38 more
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- 2025SPORTS: Simultaneous Panoptic Odometry, Rendering, Tracking and Segmentation for Urban Scenes Understanding14 Oct 2025
- 2025Dropping the D: RGB-D SLAM Without the Depth Sensor7 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025GRS-SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense SLAM with Gated Recurrent State28 Sep 2025
- 2025MASt3R-Fusion: Integrating Feed-Forward Visual Model with IMU, GNSS for High-Functionality SLAM25 Sep 2025
- 2025WinT3R: Window-Based Streaming Reconstruction with Camera Token Pool5 Sep 2025
- 2025Pseudo Depth Meets Gaussian: A Feed-forward RGB SLAM Baseline6 Aug 2025
- 2025Endoscopic Depth Estimation Based on Deep Learning: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025DINO-SLAM: DINO-informed RGB-D SLAM for Neural Implicit and Explicit Representations25 Jul 2025
- 2025LONG3R: Long Sequence Streaming 3D Reconstruction24 Jul 2025
- 2025Dense-depth map guided deep Lidar-Visual Odometry with Sparse Point Clouds and Images21 Jul 2025
- 2025VOCAL: Visual Odometry via ContrAstive Learning30 Jun 2025
- 2025Layered Motion Fusion: Lifting Motion Segmentation to 3D in Egocentric Videos5 Jun 2025
- 2025E3D-Bench: A Benchmark for End-to-End 3D Geometric Foundation Models2 Jun 2025
- 2025ToF-Splatting: Dense SLAM using Sparse Time-of-Flight Depth and Multi-Frame Integration23 Apr 2025
- 2025An Online Adaptation Method for Robust Depth Estimation and Visual Odometry in the Open World16 Apr 2025
- 2025OmniCam: Unified Multimodal Video Generation via Camera Control3 Apr 2025
- 2025HS-SLAM: Hybrid Representation with Structural Supervision for Improved Dense SLAM27 Mar 2025
- 2025Monocular visual simultaneous localization and mapping: (r)evolution from geometry to deep learning-based pipelines4 Mar 2025
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent State21 Jan 2025
- 2025Comparison of Various SLAM Systems for Mobile Robot in an Indoor Environment16 Jan 2025
- 2025Relative Pose Estimation through Affine Corrections of Monocular Depth Priors9 Jan 2025
- 2024RoMeO: Robust Metric Visual Odometry16 Dec 2024
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstruction27 Nov 2024
- 2024XRDSLAM: A Flexible and Modular Framework for Deep Learning based SLAM31 Oct 2024
- 2024GenUDC: High Quality 3D Mesh Generation with Unsigned Dual Contouring Representation23 Oct 2024
- 2024MAC-VO: Metrics-aware Covariance for Learning-based Stereo Visual Odometry14 Sep 2024
- 2024OG-Mapping: Octree-based Structured 3D Gaussians for Online Dense Mapping30 Aug 2024
- 2024NIS-SLAM: Neural Implicit Semantic RGB-D SLAM for 3D Consistent Scene Understanding30 Jul 2024
- 2024360 in the Wild: Dataset for Depth Prediction and View Synthesis27 Jun 2024
- 2024GeoBench: Benchmarking and Analyzing Monocular Geometry Estimation Models18 Jun 2024
- 2024From Variance to Veracity: Unbundling and Mitigating Gradient Variance in Differentiable Bundle Adjustment Layers12 Jun 2024
- 2024Light-SLAM: A Robust Deep-Learning Visual SLAM System Based on LightGlue under Challenging Lighting Conditions10 May 2024
- 2024Matching 2D Images in 3D: Metric Relative Pose from Metric Correspondences9 Apr 2024
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Field24 Mar 2024
- 2024SSAP: A Shape-Sensitive Adversarial Patch for Comprehensive Disruption of Monocular Depth Estimation in Autonomous Navigation Applications18 Mar 2024
- 2024SM4Depth: Seamless Monocular Metric Depth Estimation across Multiple Cameras and Scenes by One Model13 Mar 2024
50 newest of 152 All 152 (JSON)
- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,526
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 527
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAMcited by 183
- 2021SceneGraphFusion: Incremental 3D Scene Graph Prediction from RGB-D Sequencescited by 159
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
- 2023GO-SLAM: Global Optimization for Consistent 3D Instant Reconstructioncited by 132
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2021Endo-Depth-and-Motion: Reconstruction and Tracking in Endoscopic Videos using Depth Networks and Photometric Constraintscited by 80
12 most cited of 149 All 149 (JSON)
- 2026Know-Your-Scene (KYS)-SLAM: Hierarchical Semantic-Motion Priors for Feature Matching in Stereo Visual SLAM23 Sep 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026SA4Depth: Consistent Pose-Depth Scale Alignment for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation27 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-SLAM++8 Apr 2026
- 2026DINO-VO: Learning Where to Focus for Enhanced State Estimation5 Apr 2026
- 2026Edged USLAM: Edge-Aware Event-Based SLAM with Learning-Based Depth Priors9 Mar 2026
- 2026FLIGHT: Fibonacci Lattice-based Inference for Geometric Heading in real-Time26 Feb 2026
- 2026VGGT-Motion: Motion-Aware Calibration-Free Monocular SLAM for Long-Range Consistency5 Feb 2026
- 2026MA3DSG: Multi-Agent 3D Scene Graph Generation for Large-Scale Indoor Environments4 Feb 2026
- 2026SHED Light on Segmentation for Dense Prediction30 Jan 2026
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025Fin3R: Fine-tuning Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction Models via Monocular Knowledge Distillation27 Nov 2025
12 newest of 149 All 149 (JSON)