Neural 3D Reconstruction in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
We are witnessing an explosion of neural implicit representations in computer vision and graphics. Their applicability has recently expanded beyond tasks such as shape generation and image-based rendering to the fundamental problem of image-based 3D reconstruction. However, existing methods typically assume constrained 3D environments with constant illumination captured by a small set of roughly uniformly distributed cameras. We introduce a new method that enables efficient and accurate surface reconstruction from Internet photo collections in the presence of varying illumination. To achieve this, we propose a hybrid voxel- and surface-guided sampling technique that allows for more efficient ray sampling around surfaces and leads to significant improvements in reconstruction quality. Further, we present a new benchmark and protocol for evaluating reconstruction performance on such in-the-wild scenes. We perform extensive experiments, demonstrating that our approach surpasses both classical and neural reconstruction methods on a wide variety of metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 May 2022.
Builds on
38 of 64 references.
References · 38
- 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,682
- 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,037
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
- 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
- 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 990
- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 780
- 2020Convolutional Occupancy Networkscited by 760
- 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 750
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 717
26 more
- 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
- 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2020NeRD: Neural Reflectance Decomposition from Image Collectionscited by 446
- 2019Cascade Cost Volume for High-Resolution Multi-View Stereo and Stereo Matchingcited by 414
- 2020INeRF: Inverting Neural Radiance Fields for Pose Estimationcited by 381
- 2020Deep Local Shapes: Learning Local SDF Priors for Detailed 3D Reconstructioncited by 321
- 2018DeepMVS: Learning Multi-view Stereopsiscited by 277
- 2021Urban Radiance Fieldscited by 263
- 2019Recurrent MVSNet for High-resolution Multi-view Stereo Depth Inferencecited by 252
- 2021NeuralRecon: Real-Time Coherent 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 241
- 2021NeX: Real-time View Synthesis with Neural Basis Expansioncited by 215
- 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 210
- 2020Atlas: End-to-End 3D Scene Reconstruction from Posed Imagescited by 206
- 2021Neural-PIL: Neural Pre-Integrated Lighting for Reflectance Decompositioncited by 204
- 2021NeRS: Neural Reflectance Surfaces for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 136
- 2021NeRFactor: Neural Factorization of Shape and Reflectance Under an Unknown Illuminationcited by 135
- 2019Neural Rerendering in the Wildcited by 121
- 2021TransformerFusion: Monocular RGB Scene Reconstruction using Transformerscited by 107
- 2020Visibility-aware Multi-view Stereo Networkcited by 97
- 2019Neural RGB->D Sensing: Depth and Uncertainty from a Video Cameracited by 69
- 2020Crowdsampling the Plenoptic Functioncited by 62
- 2020Neural Volume Rendering: NeRF And Beyondcited by 44
- 2021VaxNeRF: Revisiting the Classic for Voxel-Accelerated Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 14
- 2021Deep Multi-View Stereo gone wildcited by 11
- 20153D Time-lapse Reconstruction from Internet Photoscited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 30; 2024: 22; 2025: 10; 2026: 10.
79 papers.
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- 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
- 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 464
- 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
- 2023NeRO: Neural Geometry and BRDF Reconstruction of Reflective Objects from Multiview Imagescited by 163
- 2024High-quality Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Surfelscited by 159
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
- 2023NeuSG: Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splatting Guidancecited by 137
- 2023GO-SLAM: Global Optimization for Consistent 3D Instant Reconstructioncited by 132
- 2023StreetSurf: Extending Multi-view Implicit Surface Reconstruction to Street Viewscited by 120
- 2023AvatarReX: Real-time Expressive Full-body Avatarscited by 83
- 2024ViCA-NeRF: View-Consistency-Aware 3D Editing of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 68
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
38 more
- 2022IntrinsicNeRF: Learning Intrinsic Neural Radiance Fields for Editable Novel View Synthesiscited by 50
- 2022Vox-Surf: Voxel-based Implicit Surface Representationcited by 49
- 2022SHINE-Mapping: Large-Scale 3D Mapping Using Sparse Hierarchical Implicit Neural Representationscited by 44
- 2024GenNBV: Generalizable Next-Best-View Policy for Active 3D Reconstructioncited by 39
- 2024GaussianRoom: Improving 3D Gaussian Splatting with SDF Guidance and Monocular Cues for Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 31
- 2024Effective Rank Analysis and Regularization for Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
- 2024NeRF-HuGS: Improved Neural Radiance Fields in Non-static Scenes Using Heuristics-Guided Segmentationcited by 25
- 2024VEGS: View Extrapolation of Urban Scenes in 3D Gaussian Splatting using Learned Priorscited by 25
- 2023Dynamic LiDAR Re-simulation using Compositional Neural Fieldscited by 22
- 2024Gaussian in the Dark: Real-Time View Synthesis From Inconsistent Dark Images Using Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2025DroneSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust 3D Reconstruction from In-the-Wild Drone Imagerycited by 20
- 2023Looking Through the Glass: Neural Surface Reconstruction Against High Specular Reflectionscited by 19
- 2023SIRe-IR: Inverse Rendering for BRDF Reconstruction with Shadow and Illumination Removal in High-Illuminance Scenescited by 19
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Surveycited by 16
- 2024PuzzleAvatar: Assembling 3D Avatars from Personal Albumscited by 16
- 2023PersonNeRF: Personalized Reconstruction from Photo Collectionscited by 12
- 2025Neural Radiance Fields for the Real World: A Surveycited by 12
- 2023Seeing Through the Glass: Neural 3D Reconstruction of Object Inside a Transparent Containercited by 10
- 2023Neural Scene Chronologycited by 10
- 2023NeTO:Neural Reconstruction of Transparent Objects with Self-Occlusion Aware Refraction-Tracingcited by 9
- 2023Creative Birds: Self-Supervised Single-View 3D Style Transfercited by 9
- 2023Fast Monocular Scene Reconstruction with Global-Sparse Local-Dense Gridscited by 8
- 2023PlaNeRF: SVD Unsupervised 3D Plane Regularization for NeRF Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2025JOG3R: Towards 3D-Consistent Video Generatorscited by 8
- 2023TMO: Textured Mesh Acquisition of Objects with a Mobile Device by using Differentiable Renderingcited by 7
- 2023HarmonicNeRF: Geometry-Informed Synthetic View Augmentation for 3D Scene Reconstruction in Driving Scenarioscited by 7
- 2024KFC-W: Generating 3D-Consistent Videos from Unposed Internet Photoscited by 7
- 2025Seg-Wild: Interactive Segmentation based on 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 7
- 2022Sphere-Guided Training of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 6
- 2024OmniSDF: Scene Reconstruction using Omnidirectional Signed Distance Functions and Adaptive Binoctreescited by 6
- 2024IE-NeRF: Inpainting Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields in the Wildcited by 6
- 2025Sat-DN: Implicit Surface Reconstruction from Multi-View Satellite Images with Depth and Normal Supervisioncited by 6
- 2023MS-NeRF: Multi-Space Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 5
- 2024AniSDF: Fused-Granularity Neural Surfaces with Anisotropic Encoding for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2026LightCity: An Urban Dataset for Outdoor Inverse Rendering and Reconstruction under Multi-illumination Conditionscited by 4
- 2023A Review of Deep Learning-Powered Mesh Reconstruction Methodscited by 3
- 2023TSDF-Sampling: Efficient Sampling for Neural Surface Field using Truncated Signed Distance Fieldcited by 3
- 2023A General Implicit Framework for Fast NeRF Composition and Renderingcited by 2
50 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting through High-Confidence Depth Propagation with Normal Priors4 Jul 2026
- 2026Diversity-aware View Partitioning for Scalable VGGT2 Jul 2026
- 2026Wild3R: Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Sparse Photo Collection10 Jun 2026
- 2026Depth2Pose: A Pose-Based Benchmark for Monocular Depth Estimation without Ground-Truth Depth19 May 2026
- 2026Generalizable Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Images30 Apr 2026
- 2026MU-GeNeRF: Multi-view Uncertainty-guided Generalizable Neural Radiance Fields for Distractor-aware Scene20 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene Grounding In the Wild27 Mar 2026
- 20263DGS-HPC: Distractor-free 3D Gaussian Splatting with Hybrid Patch-wise Classification8 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Positive-Incentive Point Sampling in Neural Implicit Fields for Object Pose Estimation23 Feb 2026
- 2026LightCity: An Urban Dataset for Outdoor Inverse Rendering and Reconstruction under Multi-illumination Conditions1 Feb 2026
- 2025PFAvatar: Pose-Fusion 3D Personalized Avatar Reconstruction from Real-World Outfit-of-the-Day Photos17 Nov 2025
- 2025GS-2M: Material-aware Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Mesh Reconstruction26 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025ArchGPT: Understanding the World's Architectures with Large Multimodal Models25 Sep 2025
- 2025Seg-Wild: Interactive Segmentation based on 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collections10 Jul 2025
- 2025A Probability-guided Sampler for Neural Implicit Surface Rendering10 Jun 2025
- 2025GCRayDiffusion: Pose-Free Surface Reconstruction via Geometric Consistent Ray Diffusion28 Mar 2025
- 2025DroneSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust 3D Reconstruction from In-the-Wild Drone Imagery21 Mar 2025
- 2025Sat-DN: Implicit Surface Reconstruction from Multi-View Satellite Images with Depth and Normal Supervision12 Feb 2025
- 2025Neural Radiance Fields for the Real World: A Survey22 Jan 2025
- 2025JOG3R: Towards 3D-Consistent Video Generators2 Jan 2025
- 2024TimeWalker: Personalized Neural Space for Lifelong Head Avatars3 Dec 2024
- 2024KFC-W: Generating 3D-Consistent Videos from Unposed Internet Photos20 Nov 2024
- 2024DyGASR: Dynamic Generalized Exponential Splatting with Surface Alignment for Accelerated 3D Mesh Reconstruction14 Nov 2024
- 2024AniSDF: Fused-Granularity Neural Surfaces with Anisotropic Encoding for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction2 Oct 2024
- 2024Incorporating dense metric depth into neural 3D representations for view synthesis and relighting4 Sep 2024
- 2024Gaussian in the Dark: Real-Time View Synthesis From Inconsistent Dark Images Using Gaussian Splatting17 Aug 2024
- 2024HIVE: HIerarchical Volume Encoding for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction3 Aug 2024
- 2024IE-NeRF: Inpainting Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild15 Jul 2024
- 2024VEGS: View Extrapolation of Urban Scenes in 3D Gaussian Splatting using Learned Priors3 Jul 2024
- 2024Effective Rank Analysis and Regularization for Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Jun 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Cross-modal Reconstruction of Vehicle Target from Sparse 3D SAR Image6 Jun 2024
- 2024GaussianRoom: Improving 3D Gaussian Splatting with SDF Guidance and Monocular Cues for Indoor Scene Reconstruction30 May 2024
- 2024PuzzleAvatar: Assembling 3D Avatars from Personal Albums23 May 2024
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Survey2 May 2024
- 2024High-quality Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Surfels27 Apr 2024
- 2024ESR-NeRF: Emissive Source Reconstruction Using LDR Multi-view Images24 Apr 2024
- 2024OmniSDF: Scene Reconstruction using Omnidirectional Signed Distance Functions and Adaptive Binoctrees31 Mar 2024
- 2024NeRF-HuGS: Improved Neural Radiance Fields in Non-static Scenes Using Heuristics-Guided Segmentation26 Mar 2024
- 2024GenNBV: Generalizable Next-Best-View Policy for Active 3D Reconstruction25 Feb 2024
- 2024One-to-many Reconstruction of 3D Geometry of cultural Artifacts using a synthetically trained Generative Model13 Feb 2024
- 2024ViCA-NeRF: View-Consistency-Aware 3D Editing of Neural Radiance Fields1 Feb 2024
- 2024Methods and strategies for improving the novel view synthesis quality of neural radiation field23 Jan 2024
- 2023PR-NeuS: A Prior-based Residual Learning Paradigm for Fast Multi-view Neural Surface Reconstruction18 Dec 2023
- 2023RANRAC: Robust Neural Scene Representations via Random Ray Consensus15 Dec 2023
- 2023Dynamic LiDAR Re-simulation using Compositional Neural Fields8 Dec 2023
- 2023NeuSG: Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splatting Guidance1 Dec 2023
- 2023TSDF-Sampling: Efficient Sampling for Neural Surface Field using Truncated Signed Distance Field29 Nov 2023
- 2023Coloring the Past: Neural Historical Buildings Reconstruction from Archival Photography29 Nov 2023
- 2023SplitNeRF: Split Sum Approximation Neural Field for Joint Geometry, Illumination, and Material Estimation28 Nov 2023
- 2023SIRe-IR: Inverse Rendering for BRDF Reconstruction with Shadow and Illumination Removal in High-Illuminance Scenes19 Oct 2023
50 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
- 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 464
- 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
- 2023NeRO: Neural Geometry and BRDF Reconstruction of Reflective Objects from Multiview Imagescited by 163
- 2024High-quality Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Surfelscited by 159
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
- 2023NeuSG: Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splatting Guidancecited by 137
- 2023GO-SLAM: Global Optimization for Consistent 3D Instant Reconstructioncited by 132
- 2023StreetSurf: Extending Multi-view Implicit Surface Reconstruction to Street Viewscited by 120
- 2023AvatarReX: Real-time Expressive Full-body Avatarscited by 83
- 2024ViCA-NeRF: View-Consistency-Aware 3D Editing of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 68
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
12 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2026Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting through High-Confidence Depth Propagation with Normal Priors4 Jul 2026
- 2026Diversity-aware View Partitioning for Scalable VGGT2 Jul 2026
- 2026Wild3R: Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Sparse Photo Collection10 Jun 2026
- 2026Depth2Pose: A Pose-Based Benchmark for Monocular Depth Estimation without Ground-Truth Depth19 May 2026
- 2026Generalizable Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Images30 Apr 2026
- 2026MU-GeNeRF: Multi-view Uncertainty-guided Generalizable Neural Radiance Fields for Distractor-aware Scene20 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene Grounding In the Wild27 Mar 2026
- 20263DGS-HPC: Distractor-free 3D Gaussian Splatting with Hybrid Patch-wise Classification8 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Positive-Incentive Point Sampling in Neural Implicit Fields for Object Pose Estimation23 Feb 2026
- 2026LightCity: An Urban Dataset for Outdoor Inverse Rendering and Reconstruction under Multi-illumination Conditions1 Feb 2026
- 2025PFAvatar: Pose-Fusion 3D Personalized Avatar Reconstruction from Real-World Outfit-of-the-Day Photos17 Nov 2025
- 2025GS-2M: Material-aware Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Mesh Reconstruction26 Sep 2025
12 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)