mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

S3: Neural Shape, Skeleton, and Skinning Fields for 3D Human Modeling

arXiv 2101.06571 ↗First posted 17 Jan 2021cs.CVcited by 59

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Abstract (arXiv)

Constructing and animating humans is an important component for building virtual worlds in a wide variety of applications such as virtual reality or robotics testing in simulation. As there are exponentially many variations of humans with different shape, pose and clothing, it is critical to develop methods that can automatically reconstruct and animate humans at scale from real world data. Towards this goal, we represent the pedestrian's shape, pose and skinning weights as neural implicit functions that are directly learned from data. This representation enables us to handle a wide variety of different pedestrian shapes and poses without explicitly fitting a human parametric body model, allowing us to handle a wider range of human geometries and topologies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on various datasets and show that our reconstructions outperform existing state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, our re-animation experiments show that we can generate 3D human animations at scale from a single RGB image (and/or an optional LiDAR sweep) as input.

Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jan 2021.

Builds on

47 of 70 references.

References · 47

  1. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  2. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,682
  3. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  4. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,037
  5. 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,600
  6. 20163D U-Net: Learning Dense Volumetric Segmentation from Sparse Annotationcited by 1,471
  7. 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Human Pose Estimationcited by 1,339
  8. 2018OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,161
  9. 2016Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimationcited by 913
  10. 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 883
  11. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  12. 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
35 more
  1. 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 692
  2. 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 625
  3. 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 615
  4. 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
  5. 2019PointRend: Image Segmentation as Renderingcited by 439
  6. 2019SAL: Sign Agnostic Learning of Shapes from Raw Datacited by 389
  7. 2017Learning from Synthetic Humanscited by 358
  8. 2020Implicit Functions in Feature Space for 3D Shape Reconstruction and Completioncited by 343
  9. 2019DISN: Deep Implicit Surface Network for High-quality Single-view 3D Reconstructioncited by 332
  10. 2018Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Videocited by 315
  11. 2020ARCH: Animatable Reconstruction of Clothed Humanscited by 257
  12. 2018Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiescited by 239
  13. 2020PaMIR: Parametric Model-Conditioned Implicit Representation for Image-based Human Reconstructioncited by 231
  14. 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
  15. 2019Texture Fields: Learning Texture Representations in Function Spacecited by 210
  16. 2017Multi-view Supervision for Single-view Reconstruction via Differentiable Ray Consistencycited by 177
  17. 2019Learning to Reconstruct People in Clothing from a Single RGB Cameracited by 168
  18. 2019Tex2Shape: Detailed Full Human Body Geometry From a Single Imagecited by 166
  19. 2020Monocular Expressive Body Regression through Body-Driven Attentioncited by 155
  20. 2020Perceiving 3D Human-Object Spatial Arrangements from a Single Image in the Wildcited by 152
  21. 2020Combining Implicit Function Learning and Parametric Models for 3D Human Reconstructioncited by 133
  22. 2020BCNet: Learning Body and Cloth Shape from A Single Imagecited by 118
  23. 2020Geo-PIFu: Geometry and Pixel Aligned Implicit Functions for Single-view Human Reconstructioncited by 112
  24. 2017Self-supervised Learning of Motion Capturecited by 97
  25. 2018DoubleFusion: Real-time Capture of Human Performances with Inner Body Shapes from a Single Depth Sensorcited by 95
  26. 2020Monocular Real-Time Volumetric Performance Capturecited by 74
  27. 2019Detailed Human Shape Estimation from a Single Image by Hierarchical Mesh Deformationcited by 71
  28. 2020MonoClothCap: Towards Temporally Coherent Clothing Capture from Monocular RGB Videocited by 62
  29. 2018Photo Wake-Up: 3D Character Animation from a Single Photocited by 60
  30. 2019TexturePose: Supervising Human Mesh Estimation with Texture Consistencycited by 53
  31. 2020Vid2Player: Controllable Video Sprites that Behave and Appear like Professional Tennis Playerscited by 30
  32. 2020Reconstructing NBA Playerscited by 24
  33. 2019Dense RepPoints: Representing Visual Objects with Dense Point Setscited by 16
  34. 2020Recovering and Simulating Pedestrians in the Wildcited by 14
  35. 2018Im2Avatar: Colorful 3D Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 16; 2023: 13; 2024: 11; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.

59 papers.

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  1. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
  2. 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
  3. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
  4. 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 294
  5. 2021ICON: Implicit Clothed humans Obtained from Normalscited by 283
  6. 2022ECON: Explicit Clothed humans Optimized via Normal integrationcited by 199
  7. 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
  8. 2022Photorealistic Monocular 3D Reconstruction of Humans Wearing Clothingcited by 126
  9. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 109
  10. 2021Neural-GIF: Neural Generalized Implicit Functions for Animating People in Clothingcited by 102
  11. 2021The Power of Points for Modeling Humans in Clothingcited by 90
  12. 2023SHERF: Generalizable Human NeRF from a Single Imagecited by 88
38 more
  1. 2022Capturing and Animation of Body and Clothing from Monocular Videocited by 83
  2. 2024GoMAvatar: Efficient Animatable Human Modeling from Monocular Video Using Gaussians-on-Meshcited by 51
  3. 2023Learning Disentangled Avatars with Hybrid 3D Representationscited by 44
  4. 2022Surface-Aligned Neural Radiance Fields for Controllable 3D Human Synthesiscited by 41
  5. 2022CASA: Category-agnostic Skeletal Animal Reconstructioncited by 35
  6. 2022Animatable Implicit Neural Representations for Creating Realistic Avatars from Videoscited by 33
  7. 2022LiDARCap: Long-range Marker-less 3D Human Motion Capture with LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 32
  8. 2023REC-MV: REconstructing 3D Dynamic Cloth from Monocular Videoscited by 29
  9. 2024G3R: Gradient Guided Generalizable Reconstructioncited by 29
  10. 2021Dynamic Neural Garmentscited by 27
  11. 2023CIMI4D: A Large Multimodal Climbing Motion Dataset under Human-scene Interactionscited by 27
  12. 2023D-IF: Uncertainty-aware Human Digitization via Implicit Distribution Fieldcited by 26
  13. 2022Virtual Correspondence: Humans as a Cue for Extreme-View Geometrycited by 25
  14. 2024DRiVE: Diffusion-based Rigging Empowers Generation of Versatile and Expressive Characterscited by 24
  15. 2023Reconstructing Objects in-the-wild for Realistic Sensor Simulationcited by 21
  16. 2022Structured 3D Features for Reconstructing Controllable Avatarscited by 19
  17. 2024RELI11D: A Comprehensive Multimodal Human Motion Dataset and Methodcited by 16
  18. 2023Rendering Humans from Object-Occluded Monocular Videoscited by 14
  19. 2024Instant 3D Human Avatar Generation using Image Diffusion Modelscited by 14
  20. 2021Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Single Polarization Imagescited by 13
  21. 2022Domain Adaptive 3D Pose Augmentation for In-the-wild Human Mesh Recoverycited by 12
  22. 2022RANA: Relightable Articulated Neural Avatarscited by 12
  23. 2024CanonicalFusion: Generating Drivable 3D Human Avatars from Multiple Imagescited by 12
  24. 2022ImpliCity: City Modeling from Satellite Images with Deep Implicit Occupancy Fieldscited by 9
  25. 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
  26. 2024UniCal: Unified Neural Sensor Calibrationcited by 8
  27. 2025AdaHuman: Animatable Detailed 3D Human Generation with Compositional Multiview Diffusioncited by 8
  28. 2023Human 3D Avatar Modeling with Implicit Neural Representation: A Brief Surveycited by 7
  29. 2025HumanGif: Single-View Human Diffusion with Generative Priorcited by 7
  30. 2023Correspondence-free online human motion retargetingcited by 6
  31. 2024Robust Biharmonic Skinning Using Geometric Fieldscited by 6
  32. 2025ARMO: Autoregressive Rigging for Multi-Category Objectscited by 4
  33. 2026GenAssets: Generating in-the-wild 3D Assets in Latent Spacecited by 4
  34. 2024WildAvatar: Learning In-the-wild 3D Avatars from the Webcited by 3
  35. 2024HFGaussian: Learning Generalizable Gaussian Human with Integrated Human Featurescited by 3
  36. 2025ClimbingCap: Multi-Modal Dataset and Method for Rock Climbing in World Coordinatecited by 3
  37. 2026Towards Motion Turing Test: Evaluating Human-Likeness in Humanoid Robotscited by 3
  38. 2021Identity-Disentangled Neural Deformation Model for Dynamic Meshescited by 2

50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)