SAGOnline: Segment Any Gaussians Online
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D Gaussian Splatting has emerged as a powerful paradigm for explicit 3D scene representation, yet achieving efficient and consistent 3D segmentation remains challenging. Existing segmentation approaches typically rely on high-dimensional feature lifting, which causes costly optimization, implicit semantics, and task-specific constraints. We present Segment Any Gaussians Online (SAGOnline), a unified, zero-shot framework that achieves real-time, cross-view consistent segmentation without scene-specific training. SAGOnline decouples the monolithic segmentation problem into lightweight sub-tasks. By integrating video foundation models (e.g., SAM 2), we first generate temporally consistent 2D masks across rendered views. Crucially, instead of learning continuous feature fields, we introduce a Rasterization-aware Geometric Consensus mechanism that leverages the traceability of the Gaussian rasterization pipeline. This allows us to deterministically map 2D predictions to explicit, discrete 3D primitive labels in real-time. This discrete representation eliminates the memory and computational burden of feature distillation, enabling instant inference. Extensive evaluations on NVOS and SPIn-NeRF benchmarks demonstrate that SAGOnline achieves state-of-the-art accuracy (92.7% and 95.2% mIoU) while operating at the fastest speed at 27 ms per frame. By providing a flexible interface for diverse foundation models, our framework supports instant prompt, instance, and semantic segmentation, paving the way for interactive 3D understanding in AR/VR and robotics.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 56 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Aug 2025.
Builds on
56 of 65 references.
References · 56
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2024SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videoscited by 2,863
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,157
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,076
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 695
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 684
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 667
- 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 616
38 more
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 575
- 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 566
- 2023Segment Everything Everywhere All at Oncecited by 548
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 415
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 393
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 388
- 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 372
- 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 364
- 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 360
- 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
- 2023GaussianShader: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Shading Functions for Reflective Surfacescited by 252
- 2023Compressed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Accelerated Novel View Synthesiscited by 239
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2023Language Embedded 3D Gaussians for Open-Vocabulary Scene Understandingcited by 208
- 2023COLMAP-Free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 193
- 2023Segment Any 3D Gaussianscited by 161
- 2022SPIn-NeRF: Multiview Segmentation and Perceptual Inpainting with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 144
- 20243D Gaussian Ray Tracing: Fast Tracing of Particle Scenescited by 139
- 2023Multi-Scale 3D Gaussian Splatting for Anti-Aliased Renderingcited by 138
- 2024GARField: Group Anything with Radiance Fieldscited by 109
- 2024FreGS: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Progressive Frequency Regularizationcited by 105
- 2024GaussianImage: 1000 FPS Image Representation and Compression by 2D Gaussian Splattingcited by 99
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learningcited by 75
- 2023Segment Anything in 3D with Radiance Fieldscited by 62
- 2022Neural Volumetric Object Selectioncited by 61
- 2022Interactive Segmentation of Radiance Fieldscited by 60
- 2024GaussianObject: High-Quality 3D Object Reconstruction from Four Views with Gaussian Splattingcited by 59
- 2024Click-Gaussian: Interactive Segmentation to Any 3D Gaussianscited by 58
- 2024FlashSplat: 2D to 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentation Solved Optimallycited by 58
- 2023NeO 360: Neural Fields for Sparse View Synthesis of Outdoor Scenescited by 53
- 2024Don't Splat your Gaussians: Volumetric Ray-Traced Primitives for Modeling and Rendering Scattering and Emissive Mediacited by 37
- 2024Ref-GS: Directional Factorization for 2D Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
- 2024GaussianCut: Interactive segmentation via graph cut for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 25
- 2024NIS-SLAM: Neural Implicit Semantic RGB-D SLAM for 3D Consistent Scene Understandingcited by 19
- 2024LiV-GS: LiDAR-Vision Integration for 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM in Outdoor Environmentscited by 15
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.
3 papers.
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- 2026ZeroSplat: Generalized Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splatting
- 2026DensiTok: Making Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting See More Views Than It Is Given
- 2025OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splatting
- 2024Gradient-Weighted Feature Back-Projection: A Fast Alternative to Feature Distillation in 3D Gaussian Splatting
- 2026VCAR: Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via View Completeness and Axis-Aware Boundary Refinement
- 2025GaussVideoDreamer: 3D Scene Generation with Video Diffusion and Inconsistency-Aware Gaussian Splatting
- 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Prior
- 20262Xplat: Decoupling Geometry and Appearance Modeling for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting