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SparseGS: Sparse View Synthesis using 3D Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2312.00206 ↗First posted 30 Nov 2023cs.CV cs.LG eess.IVcited by 134

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has recently enabled real-time rendering of unbounded 3D scenes for novel view synthesis. However, this technique requires dense training views to accurately reconstruct 3D geometry. A limited number of input views will significantly degrade reconstruction quality, resulting in artifacts such as "floaters" and "background collapse" at unseen viewpoints. In this work, we introduce SparseGS, an efficient training pipeline designed to address the limitations of 3DGS in scenarios with sparse training views. SparseGS incorporates depth priors, novel depth rendering techniques, and a pruning heuristic to mitigate floater artifacts, alongside an Unseen Viewpoint Regularization module to alleviate background collapses. Our extensive evaluations on the Mip-NeRF360, LLFF, and DTU datasets demonstrate that SparseGS achieves high-quality reconstruction in both unbounded and forward-facing scenarios, with as few as 12 and 3 input images, respectively, while maintaining fast training and real-time rendering capabilities.

Key facts. Cited by 134 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2023.

Builds on

37 of 55 references.

References · 37

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  4. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  5. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  6. 2020Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domainscited by 2,170
  7. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  8. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  9. 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
  10. 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
  11. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
  12. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
25 more
  1. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  2. 2023LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for Single Image to 3Dcited by 834
  3. 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
  4. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  5. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  6. 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 614
  7. 2023One-2-3-45: Any Single Image to 3D Mesh in 45 Seconds without Per-Shape Optimizationcited by 555
  8. 2021Zero-Shot Text-Guided Object Generation with Dream Fieldscited by 513
  9. 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
  10. 2021Putting NeRF on a Diet: Semantically Consistent Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 464
  11. 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
  12. 2020Single-View View Synthesis with Multiplane Imagescited by 263
  13. 2023SparseNeRF: Distilling Depth Ranking for Few-shot Novel View Synthesiscited by 247
  14. 2018Pix3D: Dataset and Methods for Single-Image 3D Shape Modelingcited by 218
  15. 2018Stereo Magnification: Learning View Synthesis using Multiplane Imagescited by 206
  16. 2019Pushing the Boundaries of View Extrapolation with Multiplane Imagescited by 191
  17. 2022SinNeRF: Training Neural Radiance Fields on Complex Scenes from a Single Imagecited by 165
  18. 2022NeuralLift-360: Lifting An In-the-wild 2D Photo to A 3D Object with 360deg Viewscited by 148
  19. 2021NeRFactor: Neural Factorization of Shape and Reflectance Under an Unknown Illuminationcited by 135
  20. 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 126
  21. 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
  22. 2021Boosting Monocular Depth Estimation Models to High-Resolution via Content-Adaptive Multi-Resolution Mergingcited by 104
  23. 2023LDM3D: Latent Diffusion Model for 3Dcited by 53
  24. 2023NeO 360: Neural Fields for Sparse View Synthesis of Outdoor Scenescited by 53
  25. 2022Gravitationally Lensed Black Hole Emission Tomographycited by 22

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 51; 2025: 63; 2026: 20.

134 papers.

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  1. 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
  2. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  3. 2024ReconX: Reconstruct Any Scene from Sparse Views with Video Diffusion Modelcited by 139
  4. 2024DN-Splatter: Depth and Normal Priors for Gaussian Splatting and Meshingcited by 136
  5. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  6. 2024CoR-GS: Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting via Co-Regularizationcited by 120
  7. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
  8. 2024Motion-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 100
  9. 2024DreamScene360: Unconstrained Text-to-3D Scene Generation with Panoramic Gaussian Splattingcited by 81
  10. 2024NVS-Solver: Video Diffusion Model as Zero-Shot Novel View Synthesizercited by 79
  11. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  12. 2024InstantSplat: Sparse-view Gaussian Splatting in Secondscited by 67
38 more
  1. 2025DropGaussian: Structural Regularization for Sparse-view Gaussian Splattingcited by 65
  2. 2024PhysMotion: Physics-Grounded Dynamics From a Single Imagecited by 45
  3. 2024Binocular-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting with View Consistency for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 41
  4. 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 40
  5. 2024On the Error Analysis of 3D Gaussian Splatting and an Optimal Projection Strategycited by 39
  6. 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Priorcited by 36
  7. 2024360-GS: Layout-guided Panoramic Gaussian Splatting For Indoor Roamingcited by 35
  8. 2025FatesGS: Fast and Accurate Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting with Depth-Feature Consistencycited by 30
  9. 2025DropoutGS: Dropping Out Gaussians for Better Sparse-view Renderingcited by 29
  10. 2024LM-Gaussian: Boost Sparse-view 3D Gaussian Splatting with Large Model Priorscited by 25
  11. 2025Gaussian Graph Network: Learning Efficient and Generalizable Gaussian Representations from Multi-view Imagescited by 25
  12. 2025S2Gaussian: Sparse-View Super-Resolution 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
  13. 2024MVGamba: Unify 3D Content Generation as State Space Sequence Modelingcited by 23
  14. 2024Fisheye-GS: Lightweight and Extensible Gaussian Splatting Module for Fisheye Camerascited by 22
  15. 2024SAGS: Structure-Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 21
  16. 2025DroneSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust 3D Reconstruction from In-the-Wild Drone Imagerycited by 20
  17. 2024FewViewGS: Gaussian Splatting with Few View Matching and Multi-stage Trainingcited by 18
  18. 2024LoopSparseGS: Loop Based Sparse-View Friendly Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
  19. 2024SLGaussian: Fast Language Gaussian Splatting in Sparse Viewscited by 17
  20. 2025RI3D: Few-Shot Gaussian Splatting With Repair and Inpainting Diffusion Priorscited by 17
  21. 2024DROID-Splat: Combining end-to-end SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  22. 2024Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Satellite Image Photogrammetrycited by 15
  23. 2024Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesis in Presence of Distractorscited by 14
  24. 2024TrackNeRF: Bundle Adjusting NeRF from Sparse and Noisy Views via Feature Trackscited by 12
  25. 2025Quantifying and Alleviating Co-Adaptation in Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  26. 2025Free360: Layered Gaussian Splatting for Unbounded 360-Degree View Synthesis from Extremely Sparse and Unposed Viewscited by 11
  27. 2025Vivid4D: Improving 4D Reconstruction from Monocular Video by Video Inpaintingcited by 11
  28. 2024Few-shot Novel View Synthesis using Depth Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
  29. 2024UniGaussian: Driving Scene Reconstruction from Multiple Camera Models via Unified Gaussian Representationscited by 10
  30. 2024AGS-Mesh: Adaptive Gaussian Splatting and Meshing with Geometric Priors for Indoor Room Reconstruction Using Smartphonescited by 10
  31. 2024SolidGS: Consolidating Gaussian Surfel Splatting for Sparse-View Surface Reconstructioncited by 10
  32. 2025CoMapGS: Covisibility Map-based Gaussian Splatting for Sparse Novel View Synthesiscited by 10
  33. 2025Gaussian Splatting Feature Fields for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localizationcited by 10
  34. 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Priorcited by 10
  35. 2024Optimizing 3D Gaussian Splatting for Sparse Viewpoint Scene Reconstructioncited by 8
  36. 2024Aquatic-GS: A Hybrid 3D Representation for Underwater Scenescited by 8
  37. 2024SPARS3R: Semantic Prior Alignment and Regularization for Sparse 3D Reconstructioncited by 8
  38. 2024Gaussian Scenes: Pose-Free Sparse-View Scene Reconstruction using Depth-Enhanced Diffusion Priorscited by 8

50 most cited of 134 All 134 (JSON)