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Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models

arXiv 2006.11239 ↗First posted 19 Jun 2020cs.LG stat.MLcited by 20,851

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present high quality image synthesis results using diffusion probabilistic models, a class of latent variable models inspired by considerations from nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Our best results are obtained by training on a weighted variational bound designed according to a novel connection between diffusion probabilistic models and denoising score matching with Langevin dynamics, and our models naturally admit a progressive lossy decompression scheme that can be interpreted as a generalization of autoregressive decoding. On the unconditional CIFAR10 dataset, we obtain an Inception score of 9.46 and a state-of-the-art FID score of 3.17. On 256x256 LSUN, we obtain sample quality similar to ProgressiveGAN. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/hojonathanho/diffusion

Key facts. Cited by 20,851 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video-generation world models and simulators, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 0 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2020: 5; 2021: 160; 2022: 772; 2023: 3443; 2024: 5357; 2025: 6433; 2026: 4681.

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  1. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  3. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  4. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  5. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  6. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  7. 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
  8. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
  9. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,466
  10. 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,426
  11. 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,290
  12. 2024Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,094
38 more
  1. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
  2. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  3. 2022Flow Straight and Fast: Learning to Generate and Transfer Data with Rectified Flowcited by 3,550
  4. 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generationcited by 3,286
  5. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  6. 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Modelscited by 2,994
  7. 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusioncited by 2,730
  8. 2022InstructPix2Pix: Learning to Follow Image Editing Instructionscited by 2,591
  9. 2023Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasetscited by 2,526
  10. 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,409
  11. 2024π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Controlcited by 2,297
  12. 2022Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2,280
  13. 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,231
  14. 2024CogVideoX: Text-to-Video Diffusion Models with An Expert Transformercited by 2,198
  15. 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Stepscited by 1,961
  16. 2021SDEdit: Guided Image Synthesis and Editing with Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 1,903
  17. 2023Consistency Modelscited by 1,778
  18. 2022Imagen Video: High Definition Video Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 1,765
  19. 2023VBench: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Video Generative Modelscited by 1,755
  20. 2022Make-A-Video: Text-to-Video Generation without Text-Video Datacited by 1,725
  21. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,665
  22. 2024HunyuanVideo: A Systematic Framework For Large Video Generative Modelscited by 1,597
  23. 2021Image Super-Resolution via Iterative Refinementcited by 1,506
  24. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
  25. 2023Align your Latents: High-Resolution Video Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 1,465
  26. 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,427
  27. 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1,419
  28. 2023AnimateDiff: Animate Your Personalized Text-to-Image Diffusion Models without Specific Tuningcited by 1,418
  29. 2022Diffusion Posterior Sampling for General Noisy Inverse Problemscited by 1,375
  30. 2020DiffWave: A Versatile Diffusion Model for Audio Synthesiscited by 1,339
  31. 2023T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,339
  32. 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,296
  33. 2022Scaling Autoregressive Models for Content-Rich Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,287
  34. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creationcited by 1,285
  35. 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillationcited by 1,207
  36. 2022Imagic: Text-Based Real Image Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 1,172
  37. 2022Null-text Inversion for Editing Real Images using Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 1,168
  38. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,155

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  1. 2025Diffusion Models: A Mathematical Introduction
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  3. 2025A Unified Approach to Analysis and Design of Denoising Markov Models
  4. 2023A Variational Perspective on Solving Inverse Problems with Diffusion Models
  5. 2025Low-dimensional adaptation of diffusion models: Convergence in total variation
  6. 2025Kernel-Smoothed Scores for Denoising Diffusion: A Bias-Variance Study
  7. 2025A Mixture-Based Framework for Guiding Diffusion Models