PermutoSDF: Fast Multi-View Reconstruction with Implicit Surfaces using Permutohedral Lattices
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Abstract (arXiv)
Neural radiance-density field methods have become increasingly popular for the task of novel-view rendering. Their recent extension to hash-based positional encoding ensures fast training and inference with visually pleasing results. However, density-based methods struggle with recovering accurate surface geometry. Hybrid methods alleviate this issue by optimizing the density based on an underlying SDF. However, current SDF methods are overly smooth and miss fine geometric details. In this work, we combine the strengths of these two lines of work in a novel hash-based implicit surface representation. We propose improvements to the two areas by replacing the voxel hash encoding with a permutohedral lattice which optimizes faster, especially for higher dimensions. We additionally propose a regularization scheme which is crucial for recovering high-frequency geometric detail. We evaluate our method on multiple datasets and show that we can recover geometric detail at the level of pores and wrinkles while using only RGB images for supervision. Furthermore, using sphere tracing we can render novel views at 30 fps on an RTX 3090. Code is publicly available at: https://radualexandru.github.io/permuto_sdf
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2022.
Builds on
21 of 37 references.
References · 21
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2020Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functionscited by 2,214
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
- 2018Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,618
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
- 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 990
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
9 more
- 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
- 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
- 2017Parseval Networks: Improving Robustness to Adversarial Examplescited by 288
- 2017Spectral Norm Regularization for Improving the Generalizability of Deep Learningcited by 178
- 2019SDFDiff: Differentiable Rendering of Signed Distance Fields for 3D Shape Optimizationcited by 159
- 2022Multiface: A Dataset for Neural Face Renderingcited by 87
- 2022Learning Smooth Neural Functions via Lipschitz Regularizationcited by 86
- 2019Adversarial Lipschitz Regularizationcited by 29
- 2020EasyPBR: A Lightweight Physically-Based Renderercited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 23; 2024: 31; 2025: 11; 2026: 7.
72 papers.
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- 2023StreetSurf: Extending Multi-view Implicit Surface Reconstruction to Street Viewscited by 120
- 2023VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spacescited by 86
- 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2023NeuRBF: A Neural Fields Representation with Adaptive Radial Basis Functionscited by 65
- 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistencycited by 42
- 2023Learning a More Continuous Zero Level Set in Unsigned Distance Fields through Level Set Projectioncited by 36
- 2023UniSDF: Unifying Neural Representations for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction of Complex Scenes with Reflectionscited by 29
- 2023HybridNeRF: Efficient Neural Rendering via Adaptive Volumetric Surfacescited by 28
- 2023Learning Signed Distance Functions from Noisy 3D Point Clouds via Noise to Noise Mappingcited by 27
- 2023ZeroRF: Fast Sparse View 360deg Reconstruction with Zero Pretrainingcited by 24
- 2023IntrinsicAvatar: Physically Based Inverse Rendering of Dynamic Humans from Monocular Videos via Explicit Ray Tracingcited by 20
38 more
- 2024NIS-SLAM: Neural Implicit Semantic RGB-D SLAM for 3D Consistent Scene Understandingcited by 19
- 2023SuperNormal: Neural Surface Reconstruction via Multi-View Normal Integrationcited by 18
- 2024Learning-based Multi-View Stereo: A Surveycited by 18
- 2024AlignMiF: Geometry-Aligned Multimodal Implicit Field for LiDAR-Camera Joint Synthesiscited by 17
- 2023PAg-NeRF: Towards fast and efficient end-to-end panoptic 3D representations for agricultural roboticscited by 16
- 2024NeuRodin: A Two-stage Framework for High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2024Neural Directional Encoding for Efficient and Accurate View-Dependent Appearance Modelingcited by 15
- 2024Fast Learning of Signed Distance Functions from Noisy Point Clouds via Noise to Noise Mappingcited by 15
- 2024SurFhead: Affine Rig Blending for Geometrically Accurate 2D Gaussian Surfel Head Avatarscited by 15
- 2023FlowIBR: Leveraging Pre-Training for Efficient Neural Image-Based Rendering of Dynamic Scenescited by 14
- 2024Lightplane: Highly-Scalable Components for Neural 3D Fieldscited by 13
- 2024RNG: Relightable Neural Gaussianscited by 13
- 2025NeRFPrior: Learning Neural Radiance Field as a Prior for Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 12
- 2025Gaussian Splatting with Discretized SDF for Relightable Assetscited by 12
- 2023GridPull: Towards Scalability in Learning Implicit Representations from 3D Point Cloudscited by 11
- 2023Learning Neural Implicit through Volume Rendering with Attentive Depth Fusion Priorscited by 11
- 2024ND-SDF: Learning Normal Deflection Fields for High-Fidelity Indoor Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2023Explicit Neural Surfaces: Learning Continuous Geometry With Deformation Fieldscited by 10
- 2024GS-ROR2: Bidirectional-guided 3DGS and SDF for Reflective Object Relighting and Reconstructioncited by 10
- 2023High-Quality Facial Geometry and Appearance Capture at Homecited by 9
- 2024Semantically-aware Neural Radiance Fields for Visual Scene Understanding: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 9
- 2025MeshSplats: Mesh-Based Rendering with Gaussian Splatting Initializationcited by 9
- 2024NeRF as a Non-Distant Environment Emitter in Physics-based Inverse Renderingcited by 7
- 2024XScale-NVS: Cross-Scale Novel View Synthesis with Hash Featurized Manifoldcited by 6
- 2024GS-Octree: Octree-based 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Object-level 3D Reconstruction Under Strong Lightingcited by 6
- 2025HaloGS: Loose Coupling of Compact Geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D Scenescited by 6
- 2023Coordinate Quantized Neural Implicit Representations for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2024Volumetric Surfaces: Representing Fuzzy Geometries with Layered Meshescited by 5
- 2024AniSDF: Fused-Granularity Neural Surfaces with Anisotropic Encoding for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2023Parameterization-driven Neural Surface Reconstruction for Object-oriented Editing in Neural Renderingcited by 4
- 2024PSDF: Prior-Driven Neural Implicit Surface Learning for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2024CombiNeRF: A Combination of Regularization Techniques for Few-Shot Neural Radiance Field View Synthesiscited by 4
- 2025AtlasGS: Atlanta-world Guided Surface Reconstruction with Implicit Structured Gaussianscited by 4
- 2024Neural Graph Map: Dense Mapping with Efficient Loop Closure Integrationcited by 3
- 2024PBIR-NIE: Glossy Object Capture under Non-Distant Lightingcited by 3
- 2024RISE-SDF: a Relightable Information-Shared Signed Distance Field for Glossy Object Inverse Renderingcited by 3
- 2023360^circ Reconstruction From a Single Image Using Space Carved Outpaintingcited by 2
- 2023Holistic Inverse Rendering of Complex Facade via Aerial 3D Scanningcited by 2
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026ADELE - Adaptive Delaunay Grids for High-Fidelity Mesh-Native Reconstruction6 Sep 2026
- 2026NeuDonatello: Uncertainty-Aware Framework for Accurate Neural SDF Learning27 Aug 2026
- 2026CASA-SDF: Curriculum-Aware Spatial Adaptation with Curvature-Guided Density for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026PCM-NeRF: Probabilistic Camera Modeling for Neural Radiance Fields under Pose Uncertainty20 Apr 2026
- 2026Skullptor: High Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction in Seconds with Multi-View Normal Prediction24 Feb 2026
- 2026EUGens: Efficient, Unified, and General Dense Layers30 Jan 2026
- 2026Geo-NVS-w: Geometry-Aware Novel View Synthesis In-the-Wild with an SDF Renderer13 Jan 2026
- 2025COREA: Coupled Relightable 3D Gaussians and SDFs for Efficient Normal Alignment8 Dec 2025
- 2025TetraSDF: Analytic Isosurface Extraction with Multi-resolution Tetrahedral Grid20 Nov 2025
- 2025AtlasGS: Atlanta-world Guided Surface Reconstruction with Implicit Structured Gaussians29 Oct 2025
- 2025Botany-Bot: Digital Twin Monitoring of Occluded and Underleaf Plant Structures with Gaussian Splats20 Oct 2025
- 2025Iterative Motion Compensation for Canonical 3D Reconstruction from UAV Plant Images Captured in Windy Conditions17 Oct 2025
38 more
- 2025Gaussian Splatting with Discretized SDF for Relightable Assets21 Jul 2025
- 2025HaloGS: Loose Coupling of Compact Geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D Scenes26 May 2025
- 2025NeRFPrior: Learning Neural Radiance Field as a Prior for Indoor Scene Reconstruction24 Mar 2025
- 2025Structurally Disentangled Feature Fields Distillation for 3D Understanding and Editing20 Feb 2025
- 2025Betsu-Betsu: Multi-View Separable 3D Reconstruction of Two Interacting Objects19 Feb 2025
- 2025MeshSplats: Mesh-Based Rendering with Gaussian Splatting Initialization11 Feb 2025
- 2024Surf-NeRF: Surface Regularised Neural Radiance Fields27 Nov 2024
- 2024Neural Surface Priors for Editable Gaussian Splatting27 Nov 2024
- 2024SurFhead: Affine Rig Blending for Geometrically Accurate 2D Gaussian Surfel Head Avatars15 Oct 2024
- 2024EUGens: Efficient, Unified, and General Dense Layers13 Oct 2024
- 2024Deformable NeRF using Recursively Subdivided Tetrahedra6 Oct 2024
- 2024High-quality Animatable Eyelid Shapes from Lightweight Captures2 Oct 2024
- 2024AniSDF: Fused-Granularity Neural Surfaces with Anisotropic Encoding for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction2 Oct 2024
- 2024RISE-SDF: a Relightable Information-Shared Signed Distance Field for Glossy Object Inverse Rendering30 Sep 2024
- 2024RNG: Relightable Neural Gaussians29 Sep 2024
- 2024Volumetric Surfaces: Representing Fuzzy Geometries with Layered Meshes4 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning-based Multi-View Stereo: A Survey27 Aug 2024
- 2024ND-SDF: Learning Normal Deflection Fields for High-Fidelity Indoor Reconstruction22 Aug 2024
- 2024NeuRodin: A Two-stage Framework for High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstruction19 Aug 2024
- 2024PBIR-NIE: Glossy Object Capture under Non-Distant Lighting13 Aug 2024
- 2024NIS-SLAM: Neural Implicit Semantic RGB-D SLAM for 3D Consistent Scene Understanding30 Jul 2024
- 2024ObjectCarver: Semi-automatic segmentation, reconstruction and separation of 3D objects26 Jul 2024
- 2024Fast Learning of Signed Distance Functions from Noisy Point Clouds via Noise to Noise Mapping4 Jul 2024
- 2024GS-Octree: Octree-based 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Object-level 3D Reconstruction Under Strong Lighting26 Jun 2024
- 2024Neural Directional Encoding for Efficient and Accurate View-Dependent Appearance Modeling23 May 2024
- 2024GS-ROR2: Bidirectional-guided 3DGS and SDF for Reflective Object Relighting and Reconstruction22 May 2024
- 2024Neural Graph Map: Dense Mapping with Efficient Loop Closure Integration6 May 2024
- 2024Lightplane: Highly-Scalable Components for Neural 3D Fields30 Apr 2024
- 2024S3-SLAM: Sparse Tri-plane Encoding for Neural Implicit SLAM28 Apr 2024
- 2024XScale-NVS: Cross-Scale Novel View Synthesis with Hash Featurized Manifold28 Mar 2024
- 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstruction25 Mar 2024
- 2024CombiNeRF: A Combination of Regularization Techniques for Few-Shot Neural Radiance Field View Synthesis21 Mar 2024
- 2024AlignMiF: Geometry-Aligned Multimodal Implicit Field for LiDAR-Camera Joint Synthesis27 Feb 2024
- 2024Semantically-aware Neural Radiance Fields for Visual Scene Understanding: A Comprehensive Review17 Feb 2024
- 2024NeRF as a Non-Distant Environment Emitter in Physics-based Inverse Rendering7 Feb 2024
- 2024PSDF: Prior-Driven Neural Implicit Surface Learning for Multi-view Reconstruction23 Jan 2024
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistency17 Jan 2024
- 2023UniSDF: Unifying Neural Representations for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction of Complex Scenes with Reflections20 Dec 2023
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2023StreetSurf: Extending Multi-view Implicit Surface Reconstruction to Street Viewscited by 120
- 2023VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spacescited by 86
- 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2023NeuRBF: A Neural Fields Representation with Adaptive Radial Basis Functionscited by 65
- 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistencycited by 42
- 2023Learning a More Continuous Zero Level Set in Unsigned Distance Fields through Level Set Projectioncited by 36
- 2023UniSDF: Unifying Neural Representations for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction of Complex Scenes with Reflectionscited by 29
- 2023HybridNeRF: Efficient Neural Rendering via Adaptive Volumetric Surfacescited by 28
- 2023Learning Signed Distance Functions from Noisy 3D Point Clouds via Noise to Noise Mappingcited by 27
- 2023ZeroRF: Fast Sparse View 360deg Reconstruction with Zero Pretrainingcited by 24
- 2023IntrinsicAvatar: Physically Based Inverse Rendering of Dynamic Humans from Monocular Videos via Explicit Ray Tracingcited by 20
12 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026ADELE - Adaptive Delaunay Grids for High-Fidelity Mesh-Native Reconstruction6 Sep 2026
- 2026NeuDonatello: Uncertainty-Aware Framework for Accurate Neural SDF Learning27 Aug 2026
- 2026CASA-SDF: Curriculum-Aware Spatial Adaptation with Curvature-Guided Density for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026PCM-NeRF: Probabilistic Camera Modeling for Neural Radiance Fields under Pose Uncertainty20 Apr 2026
- 2026Skullptor: High Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction in Seconds with Multi-View Normal Prediction24 Feb 2026
- 2026EUGens: Efficient, Unified, and General Dense Layers30 Jan 2026
- 2026Geo-NVS-w: Geometry-Aware Novel View Synthesis In-the-Wild with an SDF Renderer13 Jan 2026
- 2025COREA: Coupled Relightable 3D Gaussians and SDFs for Efficient Normal Alignment8 Dec 2025
- 2025TetraSDF: Analytic Isosurface Extraction with Multi-resolution Tetrahedral Grid20 Nov 2025
- 2025AtlasGS: Atlanta-world Guided Surface Reconstruction with Implicit Structured Gaussians29 Oct 2025
- 2025Botany-Bot: Digital Twin Monitoring of Occluded and Underleaf Plant Structures with Gaussian Splats20 Oct 2025
- 2025Iterative Motion Compensation for Canonical 3D Reconstruction from UAV Plant Images Captured in Windy Conditions17 Oct 2025
12 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)