Relaxing Accurate Initialization Constraint for 3D Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) has recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in real-time novel view synthesis and 3D reconstruction. However, 3DGS heavily depends on the accurate initialization derived from Structure-from-Motion (SfM) methods. When the quality of the initial point cloud deteriorates, such as in the presence of noise or when using randomly initialized point cloud, 3DGS often undergoes large performance drops. To address this limitation, we propose a novel optimization strategy dubbed RAIN-GS (Relaing Accurate Initialization Constraint for 3D Gaussian Splatting). Our approach is based on an in-depth analysis of the original 3DGS optimization scheme and the analysis of the SfM initialization in the frequency domain. Leveraging simple modifications based on our analyses, RAIN-GS successfully trains 3D Gaussians from sub-optimal point cloud (e.g., randomly initialized point cloud), effectively relaxing the need for accurate initialization. We demonstrate the efficacy of our strategy through quantitative and qualitative comparisons on multiple datasets, where RAIN-GS trained with random point cloud achieves performance on-par with or even better than 3DGS trained with accurate SfM point cloud. Our project page and code can be found at https://ku-cvlab.github.io/RAIN-GS.
Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2024.
Builds on
33 of 49 references.
References · 33
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
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- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
- 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
- 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
21 more
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
- 2022Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Promptscited by 694
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
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- 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 188
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- 2017Accelerated Hierarchical Density Clusteringcited by 100
- 2023VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spacescited by 86
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 13; 2026: 8.
33 papers.
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- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024DDGS-CT: Direction-Disentangled Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Volume Renderingcited by 22
- 2024Generative Densification: Learning to Densify Gaussians for High-Fidelity Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2025C3G: Learning Compact 3D Representations with 2K Gaussianscited by 18
- 2024HDRSplat: Gaussian Splatting for High Dynamic Range 3D Scene Reconstruction from Raw Imagescited by 15
- 2025NeRF Is a Valuable Assistant for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2025DenseSplat: Densifying Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Neural Radiance Priorcited by 14
- 2025Free360: Layered Gaussian Splatting for Unbounded 360-Degree View Synthesis from Extremely Sparse and Unposed Viewscited by 11
- 2024Elite-EvGS: Learning Event-based 3D Gaussian Splatting by Distilling Event-to-Video Priorscited by 10
- 2024HyperGS: Hyperspectral 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025RobustSplat: Decoupling Densification and Dynamics for Transient-Free 3DGScited by 10
21 more
- 2024Turbo-GS: Accelerating 3D Gaussian Fitting for High-Quality Radiance Fieldscited by 8
- 2025GaussianVideo: Efficient Video Representation and Compression by Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
- 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encodingcited by 8
- 2024Mode-GS: Monocular Depth Guided Anchored 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Ground-View Scene Renderingcited by 5
- 2025Low-Frequency First: Eliminating Floating Artifacts in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2026Dropping Anchor and Spherical Harmonics for Sparse-view Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2025PRIMU: Uncertainty Estimation for Novel Views in Gaussian Splatting from Primitive-Based Representations of Error and Coveragecited by 4
- 2024Enhancement of 3D Gaussian Splatting using Raw Mesh for Photorealistic Recreation of Architecturescited by 1
- 2025Trick-GS: A Balanced Bag of Tricks for Efficient Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2025MoRe-3DGSMR: Motion-resolved reconstruction framework for free-breathing pulmonary MRI based on 3D Gaussian representationcited by 1
- 2025OnlineSplatter: Pose-Free Online 3D Reconstruction for Free-Moving Objectscited by 1
- 2024ES-Gaussian: Gaussian Splatting Mapping via Error Space-Based Gaussian Completioncited by 0
- 2024FlameGS: Reconstruct flame light field via Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2025Reconstructing Tornadoes in 3D with Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026TreeDGS: Aerial Gaussian Splatting for Distant DBH Measurementcited by 0
- 2026A Step to Decouple Optimization in 3DGScited by 0
- 2026The Role of Initialization in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026GLAM-SLAM: Real-time Gaussian Large-scale Mapping via Flow Densification and Spatial Decompositioncited by 0
- 2026Towards Alias-Free 4D Gaussian Representations with Motion-Aware Filteringcited by 0
- 2026Is Gaussian Splatting Becoming Neural Again? A Taxonomy and Controlled Study of Learned Parameterizationcited by 0
- 2026Remote Sensing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting via Depth Image-Based Renderingcited by 0
- 2026Remote Sensing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting via Depth Image-Based Rendering28 Sep 2026
- 2026Is Gaussian Splatting Becoming Neural Again? A Taxonomy and Controlled Study of Learned Parameterization11 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Alias-Free 4D Gaussian Representations with Motion-Aware Filtering22 Aug 2026
- 2026GLAM-SLAM: Real-time Gaussian Large-scale Mapping via Flow Densification and Spatial Decomposition23 Jul 2026
- 2026The Role of Initialization in 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2026
- 2026Dropping Anchor and Spherical Harmonics for Sparse-view Gaussian Splatting24 Feb 2026
- 2026A Step to Decouple Optimization in 3DGS23 Jan 2026
- 2026TreeDGS: Aerial Gaussian Splatting for Distant DBH Measurement19 Jan 2026
- 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encoding19 Dec 2025
- 2025C3G: Learning Compact 3D Representations with 2K Gaussians3 Dec 2025
- 2025OnlineSplatter: Pose-Free Online 3D Reconstruction for Free-Moving Objects23 Oct 2025
- 2025Low-Frequency First: Eliminating Floating Artifacts in 3D Gaussian Splatting4 Aug 2025
21 more
- 2025PRIMU: Uncertainty Estimation for Novel Views in Gaussian Splatting from Primitive-Based Representations of Error and Coverage4 Aug 2025
- 2025NeRF Is a Valuable Assistant for 3D Gaussian Splatting31 Jul 2025
- 2025Reconstructing Tornadoes in 3D with Gaussian Splatting23 Jun 2025
- 2025RobustSplat: Decoupling Densification and Dynamics for Transient-Free 3DGS3 Jun 2025
- 2025MoRe-3DGSMR: Motion-resolved reconstruction framework for free-breathing pulmonary MRI based on 3D Gaussian representation8 May 2025
- 2025Free360: Layered Gaussian Splatting for Unbounded 360-Degree View Synthesis from Extremely Sparse and Unposed Views31 Mar 2025
- 2025GaussianVideo: Efficient Video Representation and Compression by Gaussian Splatting6 Mar 2025
- 2025DenseSplat: Densifying Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Neural Radiance Prior13 Feb 2025
- 2025Trick-GS: A Balanced Bag of Tricks for Efficient Gaussian Splatting24 Jan 2025
- 2024FlameGS: Reconstruct flame light field via Gaussian Splatting24 Dec 2024
- 2024Turbo-GS: Accelerating 3D Gaussian Fitting for High-Quality Radiance Fields18 Dec 2024
- 2024HyperGS: Hyperspectral 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Dec 2024
- 2024Generative Densification: Learning to Densify Gaussians for High-Fidelity Generalizable 3D Reconstruction9 Dec 2024
- 2024ES-Gaussian: Gaussian Splatting Mapping via Error Space-Based Gaussian Completion9 Oct 2024
- 2024Mode-GS: Monocular Depth Guided Anchored 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Ground-View Scene Rendering6 Oct 2024
- 2024Elite-EvGS: Learning Event-based 3D Gaussian Splatting by Distilling Event-to-Video Priors20 Sep 2024
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities24 Jul 2024
- 2024HDRSplat: Gaussian Splatting for High Dynamic Range 3D Scene Reconstruction from Raw Images23 Jul 2024
- 2024Enhancement of 3D Gaussian Splatting using Raw Mesh for Photorealistic Recreation of Architectures22 Jul 2024
- 2024DDGS-CT: Direction-Disentangled Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Volume Rendering4 Jun 2024
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Mar 2024
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024DDGS-CT: Direction-Disentangled Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Volume Renderingcited by 22
- 2024Generative Densification: Learning to Densify Gaussians for High-Fidelity Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2025C3G: Learning Compact 3D Representations with 2K Gaussianscited by 18
- 2024HDRSplat: Gaussian Splatting for High Dynamic Range 3D Scene Reconstruction from Raw Imagescited by 15
- 2025NeRF Is a Valuable Assistant for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2025DenseSplat: Densifying Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Neural Radiance Priorcited by 14
- 2025Free360: Layered Gaussian Splatting for Unbounded 360-Degree View Synthesis from Extremely Sparse and Unposed Viewscited by 11
- 2024Elite-EvGS: Learning Event-based 3D Gaussian Splatting by Distilling Event-to-Video Priorscited by 10
- 2024HyperGS: Hyperspectral 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025RobustSplat: Decoupling Densification and Dynamics for Transient-Free 3DGScited by 10
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026Remote Sensing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting via Depth Image-Based Rendering28 Sep 2026
- 2026Is Gaussian Splatting Becoming Neural Again? A Taxonomy and Controlled Study of Learned Parameterization11 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Alias-Free 4D Gaussian Representations with Motion-Aware Filtering22 Aug 2026
- 2026GLAM-SLAM: Real-time Gaussian Large-scale Mapping via Flow Densification and Spatial Decomposition23 Jul 2026
- 2026The Role of Initialization in 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2026
- 2026Dropping Anchor and Spherical Harmonics for Sparse-view Gaussian Splatting24 Feb 2026
- 2026A Step to Decouple Optimization in 3DGS23 Jan 2026
- 2026TreeDGS: Aerial Gaussian Splatting for Distant DBH Measurement19 Jan 2026
- 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encoding19 Dec 2025
- 2025C3G: Learning Compact 3D Representations with 2K Gaussians3 Dec 2025
- 2025OnlineSplatter: Pose-Free Online 3D Reconstruction for Free-Moving Objects23 Oct 2025
- 2025Low-Frequency First: Eliminating Floating Artifacts in 3D Gaussian Splatting4 Aug 2025
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)