Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environments
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We estimate the radiance field of large-scale dynamic areas from multiple vehicle captures under varying environmental conditions. Previous works in this domain are either restricted to static environments, do not scale to more than a single short video, or struggle to separately represent dynamic object instances. To this end, we present a novel, decomposable radiance field approach for dynamic urban environments. We propose a multi-level neural scene graph representation that scales to thousands of images from dozens of sequences with hundreds of fast-moving objects. To enable efficient training and rendering of our representation, we develop a fast composite ray sampling and rendering scheme. To test our approach in urban driving scenarios, we introduce a new, novel view synthesis benchmark. We show that our approach outperforms prior art by a significant margin on both established and our proposed benchmark while being faster in training and rendering.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 54 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2024.
Builds on
54 of 72 references.
References · 54
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
- 2015ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repositorycited by 2,897
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,415
- 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,041
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
- 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,232
38 more
- 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,144
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
- 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 737
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 724
- 2023Argoverse 2: Next Generation Datasets for Self-Driving Perception and Forecastingcited by 707
- 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 700
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 642
- 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 600
- 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
- 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 471
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
- 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
- 2016Past, Present, and Future of Simultaneous Localization And Mapping: Towards the Robust-Perception Agecited by 411
- 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 398
- 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 346
- 2020Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Scenescited by 298
- 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 297
- 20193D Scene Graph: A Structure for Unified Semantics, 3D Space, and Cameracited by 281
- 2021Urban Radiance Fieldscited by 263
- 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
- 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224
- 2022Monocular Dynamic View Synthesis: A Reality Checkcited by 200
- 2021BANMo: Building Animatable 3D Neural Models from Many Casual Videoscited by 197
- 2020Stable View Synthesiscited by 165
- 2023SUDS: Scalable Urban Dynamic Scenescited by 151
- 20203D Dynamic Scene Graphs: Actionable Spatial Perception with Places, Objects, and Humanscited by 144
- 2022D2NeRF: Self-Supervised Decoupling of Dynamic and Static Objects from a Monocular Videocited by 137
- 2023S-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Street Viewscited by 116
- 2021NeRF for Outdoor Scene Relightingcited by 114
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Trackingcited by 103
- 2023Neural Fields meet Explicit Geometric Representation for Inverse Rendering of Urban Scenescited by 90
- 2023Temporal Interpolation Is All You Need for Dynamic Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 59
- 2023Urban Radiance Field Representation with Deformable Neural Mesh Primitivescited by 55
- 2017Factoring Shape, Pose, and Layout from the 2D Image of a 3D Scenecited by 50
- 2019Track to Reconstruct and Reconstruct to Trackcited by 49
50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 12; 2026: 7.
27 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 161
- 2024STORM: Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction Model for Large-Scale Outdoor Scenescited by 55
- 2024StreetCrafter: Street View Synthesis with Controllable Video Diffusion Modelscited by 49
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
- 2024SplatFlow: Self-Supervised Dynamic Gaussian Splatting in Neural Motion Flow Field for Autonomous Drivingcited by 20
- 2024Multiagent Multitraversal Multimodal Self-Driving: Open MARS Datasetcited by 18
- 2025AD-GS: Object-Aware B-Spline Gaussian Splatting for Self-Supervised Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2024EMD: Explicit Motion Modeling for High-Quality Street Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025CRUISE: Cooperative Reconstruction and Editing in V2X Scenarios using Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streamingcited by 9
- 2024SEED4D: A Synthetic Ego--Exo Dynamic 4D Data Generator, Driving Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 8
- 2026ParkGaussian: Surround-view 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Parkingcited by 7
15 more
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 5
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interactioncited by 4
- 2025ArmGS: Composite Gaussian Appearance Refinement for Modeling Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 3
- 2025SaLF: Sparse Local Fields for Multi-Sensor Rendering in Real-Timecited by 3
- 2025Neural Atlas Graphs for Dynamic Scene Decomposition and Editingcited by 2
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agentscited by 2
- 2025sshELF: Single-Shot Hierarchical Extrapolation of Latent Features for 3D Reconstruction from Sparse-Viewscited by 1
- 2025S3R-GS: Streamlining the Pipeline for Large-Scale Street Scene Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2025UrbanCraft: Urban View Extrapolation via Hierarchical Sem-Geometric Priorscited by 0
- 2025Leveraging 2D Priors and SDF Guidance for Dynamic Urban Scene Renderingcited by 0
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulationcited by 0
- 2026NoPA: Non-Parametric Online 3D Scene Graph Generationcited by 0
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2026
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesis12 Aug 2026
- 2026NoPA: Non-Parametric Online 3D Scene Graph Generation1 Jul 2026
- 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulation2 Jun 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstruction7 Apr 2026
- 2026ParkGaussian: Surround-view 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Parking4 Jan 2026
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interaction22 Oct 2025
- 2025Leveraging 2D Priors and SDF Guidance for Dynamic Urban Scene Rendering15 Oct 2025
- 2025Neural Atlas Graphs for Dynamic Scene Decomposition and Editing19 Sep 2025
- 2025SaLF: Sparse Local Fields for Multi-Sensor Rendering in Real-Time24 Jul 2025
- 2025CRUISE: Cooperative Reconstruction and Editing in V2X Scenarios using Gaussian Splatting24 Jul 2025
15 more
- 2025AD-GS: Object-Aware B-Spline Gaussian Splatting for Self-Supervised Autonomous Driving16 Jul 2025
- 2025ArmGS: Composite Gaussian Appearance Refinement for Modeling Dynamic Urban Environments5 Jul 2025
- 2025UrbanCraft: Urban View Extrapolation via Hierarchical Sem-Geometric Priors29 May 2025
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Field15 May 2025
- 2025S3R-GS: Streamlining the Pipeline for Large-Scale Street Scene Reconstruction11 Mar 2025
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streaming11 Mar 2025
- 2025sshELF: Single-Shot Hierarchical Extrapolation of Latent Features for 3D Reconstruction from Sparse-Views6 Feb 2025
- 2024STORM: Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction Model for Large-Scale Outdoor Scenes31 Dec 2024
- 2024StreetCrafter: Street View Synthesis with Controllable Video Diffusion Models17 Dec 2024
- 2024SEED4D: A Synthetic Ego--Exo Dynamic 4D Data Generator, Driving Dataset and Benchmark1 Dec 2024
- 2024EMD: Explicit Motion Modeling for High-Quality Street Gaussian Splatting23 Nov 2024
- 2024SplatFlow: Self-Supervised Dynamic Gaussian Splatting in Neural Motion Flow Field for Autonomous Driving23 Nov 2024
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstruction29 Aug 2024
- 2024Multiagent Multitraversal Multimodal Self-Driving: Open MARS Dataset13 Jun 2024
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areas5 Jun 2024
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 161
- 2024StreetCrafter: Street View Synthesis with Controllable Video Diffusion Modelscited by 49
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
- 2024StreetCrafter: Street View Synthesis with Controllable Video Diffusion Models17 Dec 2024
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstruction29 Aug 2024
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areas5 Jun 2024
- 2024STORM: Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction Model for Large-Scale Outdoor Scenescited by 55
- 2024SplatFlow: Self-Supervised Dynamic Gaussian Splatting in Neural Motion Flow Field for Autonomous Drivingcited by 20
- 2024Multiagent Multitraversal Multimodal Self-Driving: Open MARS Datasetcited by 18
- 2025AD-GS: Object-Aware B-Spline Gaussian Splatting for Self-Supervised Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2024EMD: Explicit Motion Modeling for High-Quality Street Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025CRUISE: Cooperative Reconstruction and Editing in V2X Scenarios using Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streamingcited by 9
- 2024SEED4D: A Synthetic Ego--Exo Dynamic 4D Data Generator, Driving Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 8
- 2026ParkGaussian: Surround-view 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Parkingcited by 7
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 5
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interactioncited by 4
- 2025ArmGS: Composite Gaussian Appearance Refinement for Modeling Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 3
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2026
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesis12 Aug 2026
- 2026NoPA: Non-Parametric Online 3D Scene Graph Generation1 Jul 2026
- 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulation2 Jun 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstruction7 Apr 2026
- 2026ParkGaussian: Surround-view 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Parking4 Jan 2026
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interaction22 Oct 2025
- 2025Leveraging 2D Priors and SDF Guidance for Dynamic Urban Scene Rendering15 Oct 2025
- 2025Neural Atlas Graphs for Dynamic Scene Decomposition and Editing19 Sep 2025
- 2025SaLF: Sparse Local Fields for Multi-Sensor Rendering in Real-Time24 Jul 2025
- 2025CRUISE: Cooperative Reconstruction and Editing in V2X Scenarios using Gaussian Splatting24 Jul 2025
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)