Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAM
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present Co-SLAM, a neural RGB-D SLAM system based on a hybrid representation, that performs robust camera tracking and high-fidelity surface reconstruction in real time. Co-SLAM represents the scene as a multi-resolution hash-grid to exploit its high convergence speed and ability to represent high-frequency local features. In addition, Co-SLAM incorporates one-blob encoding, to encourage surface coherence and completion in unobserved areas. This joint parametric-coordinate encoding enables real-time and robust performance by bringing the best of both worlds: fast convergence and surface hole filling. Moreover, our ray sampling strategy allows Co-SLAM to perform global bundle adjustment over all keyframes instead of requiring keyframe selection to maintain a small number of active keyframes as competing neural SLAM approaches do. Experimental results show that Co-SLAM runs at 10-17Hz and achieves state-of-the-art scene reconstruction results, and competitive tracking performance in various datasets and benchmarks (ScanNet, TUM, Replica, Synthetic RGBD). Project page: https://hengyiwang.github.io/projects/CoSLAM
Key facts. Cited by 184 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Apr 2023.
Builds on
28 of 42 references.
References · 28
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
- 2020Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functionscited by 2,238
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
- 2018On the Spectral Bias of Neural Networkscited by 1,341
- 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,205
- 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 996
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 904
- 2016ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Camerascited by 806
16 more
- 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 687
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 589
- 2021iMAP: Implicit Mapping and Positioning in Real-Timecited by 476
- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 470
- 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
- 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 313
- 2020D3VO: Deep Depth, Deep Pose and Deep Uncertainty for Monocular Visual Odometrycited by 206
- 2018Neural Importance Samplingcited by 155
- 2017CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth predictioncited by 152
- 2022Neural 3D Scene Reconstruction with the Manhattan-world Assumptioncited by 123
- 2016BundleFusion: Real-time Globally Consistent 3D Reconstruction using On-the-fly Surface Re-integrationcited by 116
- 2022Voxurf: Voxel-based Efficient and Accurate Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 94
- 2022ReLU Fields: The Little Non-linearity That Couldcited by 87
- 2022GO-Surf: Neural Feature Grid Optimization for Fast, High-Fidelity RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 61
- 2022Vox-Surf: Voxel-based Implicit Surface Representationcited by 49
- 2021TANDEM: Tracking and Dense Mapping in Real-time using Deep Multi-view Stereocited by 39
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 19; 2024: 73; 2025: 56; 2026: 36.
184 papers.
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- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 548
- 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 415
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 388
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 154
- 2023Photo-SLAM: Real-time Simultaneous Localization and Photorealistic Mapping for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 141
- 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstructioncited by 141
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
- 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
38 more
- 2024Splat-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only SLAM with 3D Gaussianscited by 66
- 2023PLGSLAM: Progressive Neural Scene Represenation with Local to Global Bundle Adjustmentcited by 63
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2023DFormer: Rethinking RGBD Representation Learning for Semantic Segmentationcited by 60
- 2024LoopSplat: Loop Closure by Registering 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 60
- 2025WildGS-SLAM: Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM in Dynamic Environmentscited by 50
- 2024Loopy-SLAM: Dense Neural SLAM with Loop Closurescited by 48
- 2025LONG3R: Long Sequence Streaming 3D Reconstructioncited by 45
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistencycited by 42
- 2024SemGauss-SLAM: Dense Semantic Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 42
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 40
- 2024GlORIE-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only Implicit Encoding Point Cloud SLAMcited by 36
- 2024EndoGSLAM: Real-Time Dense Reconstruction and Tracking in Endoscopic Surgeries using Gaussian Splattingcited by 33
- 2023CP-SLAM: Collaborative Neural Point-based SLAM Systemcited by 32
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
- 2025DFormerv2: Geometry Self-Attention for RGBD Semantic Segmentationcited by 31
- 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
- 2024NARUTO: Neural Active Reconstruction from Uncertain Target Observationscited by 28
- 2024Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting For Dense Visual SLAMcited by 25
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstructioncited by 25
- 2023MIPS-Fusion: Multi-Implicit-Submaps for Scalable and Robust Online Neural RGB-D Reconstructioncited by 24
- 2023DNS SLAM: Dense Neural Semantic-Informed SLAMcited by 23
- 2024DDN-SLAM: Real-time Dense Dynamic Neural Implicit SLAMcited by 23
- 2024MG-SLAM: Structure Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Manhattan World Hypothesiscited by 22
- 2025Outdoor Monocular SLAM with Global Scale-Consistent 3D Gaussian Pointmapscited by 22
- 2024GSFusion: Online RGB-D Mapping Where Gaussian Splatting Meets TSDF Fusioncited by 20
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backendcited by 20
- 2024Neural Radiance Field in Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 19
- 2024NIS-SLAM: Neural Implicit Semantic RGB-D SLAM for 3D Consistent Scene Understandingcited by 19
- 2024MoD-SLAM: Monocular Dense Mapping for Unbounded 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
- 2024NEDS-SLAM: A Neural Explicit Dense Semantic SLAM Framework using 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
- 2025Sat2City: 3D City Generation from A Single Satellite Image with Cascaded Latent Diffusioncited by 16
- 2024High-Fidelity SLAM Using Gaussian Splatting with Rendering-Guided Densification and Regularized Optimizationcited by 15
- 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2024PISR: Polarimetric Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction for Textureless and Specular Objectscited by 15
- 2025DenseSplat: Densifying Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Neural Radiance Priorcited by 14
- 2024HPC: Hierarchical Progressive Coding Framework for Volumetric Videocited by 13
50 most cited of 184 All 184 (JSON)
- 2026Surface Reconstruction from Range Scans Under Visibility Constraints13 Oct 2026
- 2026Think Locally, Refine Globally for Memory-Efficient 3D Reconstruction18 Sep 2026
- 2026Cube-Splat: High-Fidelity 360deg Gaussian Splatting SLAM via Cubemap Factorization and Adjoint-Consistent Optimization18 Sep 2026
- 2026RawSLAM: Online HDR Gaussian SLAM from Linear Radiance17 Sep 2026
- 2026VGGT-GS SLAM: Uncalibrated Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Feed-Forward Priors17 Sep 2026
- 2026AMB3R-SLAM: Kilometer-scale SLAM with Hierarchical Backend17 Sep 2026
- 2026SCOUT-SLAM: Structurally-Coupled Dual Uncertainty-Aware 3DGS SLAM in the Wild13 Sep 2026
- 2026LightSplat: Real-Time High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian SLAM with Loop Closure7 Sep 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-Submap Implicit Neural SLAM with Local-to-Global Loop Closure for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction10 Aug 2026
- 2026CHOW-SLAM: Compact Hybrid Representation with Complementary Overlap Window Optimization for RGB-D SLAM3 Aug 2026
- 2026NSL-SLAM: High-Fidelity Neural Structured-Light Depth for Practical SLAM and Reconstruction27 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026Toward Semantic Communication for Real-time Mobile 3D Reconstruction17 Jul 2026
- 2026MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos16 Jul 2026
- 2026RoGS: Adaptive Meshgrid Gaussian for Large-Scale Road Surface Mapping16 Jul 2026
- 2026DL-SLAM: Enabling High-Fidelity Gaussian Splatting SLAM in Dynamic Environments based on Dual-Level Probability2 Jul 2026
- 2026CausalGS: Learning Physical Causality of 3D Dynamic Scenes with Gaussian Representations11 May 2026
- 2026Flow4DGS-SLAM: Optical Flow-Guided 4D Gaussian Splatting SLAM24 Apr 2026
- 2026A Survey of Spatial Memory Representations for Efficient Robot Navigation13 Apr 2026
- 2026Exploring 6D Object Pose Estimation with Deformation8 Apr 2026
- 2026DINO-VO: Learning Where to Focus for Enhanced State Estimation5 Apr 2026
- 2026GS3LAM: Gaussian Semantic Splatting SLAM29 Mar 2026
- 2026SGAD-SLAM: Splatting Gaussians at Adjusted Depth for Better Radiance Fields in RGBD SLAM22 Mar 2026
- 2026SpatialFly: Implicit 3D Prior-Guided Visual Reparameterization for Continuous UAV Vision-and-Language Navigation22 Mar 2026
- 2026DROID-SLAM in the Wild19 Mar 2026
- 2026OnlinePG: Online Open-Vocabulary Panoptic Mapping with 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Mar 2026
- 2026FILT3R: Latent State Adaptive Kalman Filter for Streaming 3D Reconstruction19 Mar 2026
- 2026VarSplat: Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust RGB-D SLAM10 Mar 2026
- 2026EndoSERV: A Vision-based Endoluminal Robot Navigation System9 Mar 2026
- 2026Tiny-DroNeRF: Tiny Neural Radiance Fields aboard Federated Learning-enabled Nano-drones2 Mar 2026
- 2026RU4D-SLAM: Reweighting Uncertainty in Gaussian Splatting SLAM for 4D Scene Reconstruction24 Feb 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026GSO-SLAM: Bidirectionally Coupled Gaussian Splatting and Direct Visual Odometry12 Feb 2026
- 2026LangGS-SLAM: Real-Time Language-Feature Gaussian Splatting SLAM28 Jan 2026
- 2026HERE: Hierarchical Active Exploration of Radiance Field with Epistemic Uncertainty Minimization12 Jan 2026
- 2026PointSLAM++: Robust Dense Neural Gaussian Point Cloud-based SLAM10 Jan 2026
- 2025RGS-SLAM: Robust Gaussian Splatting SLAM with One-Shot Dense Initialization28 Dec 2025
- 2025XGrid-Mapping: Explicit Implicit Hybrid Grid Submaps for Efficient Incremental Neural LiDAR Mapping24 Dec 2025
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Models3 Dec 2025
- 2025VIGS-SLAM: Visual Inertial Gaussian Splatting SLAM2 Dec 2025
- 2025Robust 3DGS-based SLAM via Adaptive Kernel Smoothing28 Nov 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025AtlasGS: Atlanta-world Guided Surface Reconstruction with Implicit Structured Gaussians29 Oct 2025
- 2025RoGER-SLAM: A Robust Gaussian Splatting SLAM System for Noisy and Low-light Environment Resilience26 Oct 2025
- 2025PFGS: Pose-Fused 3D Gaussian Splatting for Complete Multi-Pose Object Reconstruction17 Oct 2025
- 2025Inspection Planning Primitives with Implicit Models8 Oct 2025
- 2025MemGS: Memory-Efficient Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time SLAM16 Sep 2025
- 2025Gaussian-Plus-SDF SLAM: High-fidelity 3D Reconstruction at 150+ fps15 Sep 2025
- 2025PreSem-Surf: RGB-D Surface Reconstruction with Progressive Semantic Modeling and SG-MLP Pre-Rendering Mechanism17 Aug 2025
50 newest of 184 All 184 (JSON)
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 548
- 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 415
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 388
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 154
- 2023Photo-SLAM: Real-time Simultaneous Localization and Photorealistic Mapping for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 141
- 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstructioncited by 141
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
- 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
12 most cited of 182 All 182 (JSON)
- 2026Surface Reconstruction from Range Scans Under Visibility Constraints13 Oct 2026
- 2026Think Locally, Refine Globally for Memory-Efficient 3D Reconstruction18 Sep 2026
- 2026Cube-Splat: High-Fidelity 360deg Gaussian Splatting SLAM via Cubemap Factorization and Adjoint-Consistent Optimization18 Sep 2026
- 2026RawSLAM: Online HDR Gaussian SLAM from Linear Radiance17 Sep 2026
- 2026VGGT-GS SLAM: Uncalibrated Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Feed-Forward Priors17 Sep 2026
- 2026AMB3R-SLAM: Kilometer-scale SLAM with Hierarchical Backend17 Sep 2026
- 2026SCOUT-SLAM: Structurally-Coupled Dual Uncertainty-Aware 3DGS SLAM in the Wild13 Sep 2026
- 2026LightSplat: Real-Time High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian SLAM with Loop Closure7 Sep 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-Submap Implicit Neural SLAM with Local-to-Global Loop Closure for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction10 Aug 2026
- 2026CHOW-SLAM: Compact Hybrid Representation with Complementary Overlap Window Optimization for RGB-D SLAM3 Aug 2026
- 2026NSL-SLAM: High-Fidelity Neural Structured-Light Depth for Practical SLAM and Reconstruction27 Jul 2026
12 newest of 182 All 182 (JSON)