mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

TANDEM: Tracking and Dense Mapping in Real-time using Deep Multi-view Stereo

arXiv 2111.07418 ↗First posted 14 Nov 2021cs.CV cs.ROcited by 39

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we present TANDEM a real-time monocular tracking and dense mapping framework. For pose estimation, TANDEM performs photometric bundle adjustment based on a sliding window of keyframes. To increase the robustness, we propose a novel tracking front-end that performs dense direct image alignment using depth maps rendered from a global model that is built incrementally from dense depth predictions. To predict the dense depth maps, we propose Cascade View-Aggregation MVSNet (CVA-MVSNet) that utilizes the entire active keyframe window by hierarchically constructing 3D cost volumes with adaptive view aggregation to balance the different stereo baselines between the keyframes. Finally, the predicted depth maps are fused into a consistent global map represented as a truncated signed distance function (TSDF) voxel grid. Our experimental results show that TANDEM outperforms other state-of-the-art traditional and learning-based monocular visual odometry (VO) methods in terms of camera tracking. Moreover, TANDEM shows state-of-the-art real-time 3D reconstruction performance.

Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2021.

Builds on

43 of 76 references.

References · 43

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31 more
  1. 2019BlendedMVS: A Large-scale Dataset for Generalized Multi-view Stereo Networkscited by 487
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  3. 2021iMAP: Implicit Mapping and Positioning in Real-Timecited by 476
  4. 2019Cascade Cost Volume for High-Resolution Multi-View Stereo and Stereo Matchingcited by 414
  5. 2018GeoNet: Unsupervised Learning of Dense Depth, Optical Flow and Camera Posecited by 341
  6. 2018DeepMVS: Learning Multi-view Stereopsiscited by 277
  7. 2019Recurrent MVSNet for High-resolution Multi-view Stereo Depth Inferencecited by 252
  8. 2020D3VO: Deep Depth, Deep Pose and Deep Uncertainty for Monocular Visual Odometrycited by 206
  9. 2020Atlas: End-to-End 3D Scene Reconstruction from Posed Imagescited by 206
  10. 2017Learning a Multi-View Stereo Machinecited by 194
  11. 2018BA-Net: Dense Bundle Adjustment Networkcited by 173
  12. 2018Unsupervised Learning of Monocular Depth Estimation and Visual Odometry with Deep Feature Reconstructioncited by 159
  13. 2017CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth predictioncited by 152
  14. 2018CodeSLAM - Learning a Compact, Optimisable Representation for Dense Visual SLAMcited by 151
  15. 2019Point-Based Multi-View Stereo Networkcited by 147
  16. 2017Generalization in Deep Learningcited by 146
  17. 2017SurfaceNet: An End-to-end 3D Neural Network for Multiview Stereopsiscited by 128
  18. 2020DeepFactors: Real-Time Probabilistic Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 117
  19. 2019Domain-invariant Stereo Matching Networkscited by 108
  20. 2018DeepTAM: Deep Tracking and Mappingcited by 87
  21. 2018Deep Virtual Stereo Odometry: Leveraging Deep Depth Prediction for Monocular Direct Sparse Odometrycited by 85
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  31. 2018Direct Sparse Odometry with Rolling Shuttercited by 12

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 8; 2023: 9; 2024: 13; 2025: 8.

39 papers.

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  1. 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
  2. 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 198
  3. 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
  4. 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAMcited by 183
  5. 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 162
  6. 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
  7. 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstructioncited by 139
  8. 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
  9. 2022Orbeez-SLAM: A Real-time Monocular Visual SLAM with ORB Features and NeRF-realized Mappingcited by 79
  10. 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Cameracited by 70
  11. 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
  12. 2023EgoLocate: Real-time Motion Capture, Localization, and Mapping with Sparse Body-mounted Sensorscited by 48
27 more
  1. 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
  2. 2023MIPS-Fusion: Multi-Implicit-Submaps for Scalable and Robust Online Neural RGB-D Reconstructioncited by 24
  3. 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstructioncited by 24
  4. 2024MG-SLAM: Structure Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Manhattan World Hypothesiscited by 22
  5. 2022Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 16
  6. 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backendcited by 16
  7. 2023Learning Neural Implicit through Volume Rendering with Attentive Depth Fusion Priorscited by 11
  8. 2023NeRF-VO: Real-Time Sparse Visual Odometry with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
  9. 2024COMO: Compact Mapping and Odometrycited by 10
  10. 2022GeoRefine: Self-Supervised Online Depth Refinement for Accurate Dense Mappingcited by 8
  11. 2025SLAM-Former: Putting SLAM into One Transformercited by 7
  12. 2024DVN-SLAM: Dynamic Visual Neural SLAM Based on Local-Global Encodingcited by 6
  13. 2024Boosting Self-Supervision for Single-View Scene Completion via Knowledge Distillationcited by 6
  14. 2025GRS-SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense SLAM with Gated Recurrent Statecited by 6
  15. 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereocited by 4
  16. 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modelingcited by 3
  17. 2024OG-Mapping: Octree-based Structured 3D Gaussians for Online Dense Mappingcited by 3
  18. 2025IPFormer: Visual 3D Panoptic Scene Completion with Context-Adaptive Instance Proposalscited by 3
  19. 2025EGG-Fusion: Efficient 3D Reconstruction with Geometry-aware Gaussian Surfel on the Flycited by 3
  20. 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 2
  21. 2024NeB-SLAM: Neural Blocks-based Salable RGB-D SLAM for Unknown Scenescited by 2
  22. 2024MVS-GS: High-Quality 3D Gaussian Splatting Mapping via Online Multi-View Stereocited by 2
  23. 2024From Variance to Veracity: Unbundling and Mitigating Gradient Variance in Differentiable Bundle Adjustment Layerscited by 1
  24. 2025CAD-SLAM: Consistency-Aware Dynamic SLAM with Dynamic-Static Decoupled Mappingcited by 1
  25. 2022TerrainMesh: Metric-Semantic Terrain Reconstruction from Aerial Images Using Joint 2D-3D Learningcited by 0
  26. 2022PRISM: Probabilistic Real-Time Inference in Spatial World Modelscited by 0
  27. 2025Online 3D Gaussian Splatting Modeling with Novel View Selectioncited by 0