TANDEM: Tracking and Dense Mapping in Real-time using Deep Multi-view Stereo
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we present TANDEM a real-time monocular tracking and dense mapping framework. For pose estimation, TANDEM performs photometric bundle adjustment based on a sliding window of keyframes. To increase the robustness, we propose a novel tracking front-end that performs dense direct image alignment using depth maps rendered from a global model that is built incrementally from dense depth predictions. To predict the dense depth maps, we propose Cascade View-Aggregation MVSNet (CVA-MVSNet) that utilizes the entire active keyframe window by hierarchically constructing 3D cost volumes with adaptive view aggregation to balance the different stereo baselines between the keyframes. Finally, the predicted depth maps are fused into a consistent global map represented as a truncated signed distance function (TSDF) voxel grid. Our experimental results show that TANDEM outperforms other state-of-the-art traditional and learning-based monocular visual odometry (VO) methods in terms of camera tracking. Moreover, TANDEM shows state-of-the-art real-time 3D reconstruction performance.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2021.
Builds on
43 of 76 references.
References · 43
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31 more
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 8; 2023: 9; 2024: 13; 2025: 8.
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- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 198
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAMcited by 183
- 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 162
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
- 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstructioncited by 139
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
- 2022Orbeez-SLAM: A Real-time Monocular Visual SLAM with ORB Features and NeRF-realized Mappingcited by 79
- 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Cameracited by 70
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2023EgoLocate: Real-time Motion Capture, Localization, and Mapping with Sparse Body-mounted Sensorscited by 48
27 more
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
- 2023MIPS-Fusion: Multi-Implicit-Submaps for Scalable and Robust Online Neural RGB-D Reconstructioncited by 24
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstructioncited by 24
- 2024MG-SLAM: Structure Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Manhattan World Hypothesiscited by 22
- 2022Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 16
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backendcited by 16
- 2023Learning Neural Implicit through Volume Rendering with Attentive Depth Fusion Priorscited by 11
- 2023NeRF-VO: Real-Time Sparse Visual Odometry with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
- 2024COMO: Compact Mapping and Odometrycited by 10
- 2022GeoRefine: Self-Supervised Online Depth Refinement for Accurate Dense Mappingcited by 8
- 2025SLAM-Former: Putting SLAM into One Transformercited by 7
- 2024DVN-SLAM: Dynamic Visual Neural SLAM Based on Local-Global Encodingcited by 6
- 2024Boosting Self-Supervision for Single-View Scene Completion via Knowledge Distillationcited by 6
- 2025GRS-SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense SLAM with Gated Recurrent Statecited by 6
- 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereocited by 4
- 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modelingcited by 3
- 2024OG-Mapping: Octree-based Structured 3D Gaussians for Online Dense Mappingcited by 3
- 2025IPFormer: Visual 3D Panoptic Scene Completion with Context-Adaptive Instance Proposalscited by 3
- 2025EGG-Fusion: Efficient 3D Reconstruction with Geometry-aware Gaussian Surfel on the Flycited by 3
- 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 2
- 2024NeB-SLAM: Neural Blocks-based Salable RGB-D SLAM for Unknown Scenescited by 2
- 2024MVS-GS: High-Quality 3D Gaussian Splatting Mapping via Online Multi-View Stereocited by 2
- 2024From Variance to Veracity: Unbundling and Mitigating Gradient Variance in Differentiable Bundle Adjustment Layerscited by 1
- 2025CAD-SLAM: Consistency-Aware Dynamic SLAM with Dynamic-Static Decoupled Mappingcited by 1
- 2022TerrainMesh: Metric-Semantic Terrain Reconstruction from Aerial Images Using Joint 2D-3D Learningcited by 0
- 2022PRISM: Probabilistic Real-Time Inference in Spatial World Modelscited by 0
- 2025Online 3D Gaussian Splatting Modeling with Novel View Selectioncited by 0
- 2025EGG-Fusion: Efficient 3D Reconstruction with Geometry-aware Gaussian Surfel on the Fly1 Dec 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025GRS-SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense SLAM with Gated Recurrent State28 Sep 2025
- 2025SLAM-Former: Putting SLAM into One Transformer21 Sep 2025
- 2025Online 3D Gaussian Splatting Modeling with Novel View Selection19 Aug 2025
- 2025IPFormer: Visual 3D Panoptic Scene Completion with Context-Adaptive Instance Proposals25 Jun 2025
- 2025CAD-SLAM: Consistency-Aware Dynamic SLAM with Dynamic-Static Decoupled Mapping26 May 2025
- 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstruction3 Mar 2025
- 2024MVS-GS: High-Quality 3D Gaussian Splatting Mapping via Online Multi-View Stereo26 Dec 2024
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priors16 Dec 2024
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos12 Dec 2024
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstruction27 Nov 2024
27 more
- 2024OG-Mapping: Octree-based Structured 3D Gaussians for Online Dense Mapping30 Aug 2024
- 2024From Variance to Veracity: Unbundling and Mitigating Gradient Variance in Differentiable Bundle Adjustment Layers12 Jun 2024
- 2024MG-SLAM: Structure Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Manhattan World Hypothesis30 May 2024
- 2024NeB-SLAM: Neural Blocks-based Salable RGB-D SLAM for Unknown Scenes24 May 2024
- 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modeling13 May 2024
- 2024Boosting Self-Supervision for Single-View Scene Completion via Knowledge Distillation11 Apr 2024
- 2024COMO: Compact Mapping and Odometry4 Apr 2024
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Field24 Mar 2024
- 2024DVN-SLAM: Dynamic Visual Neural SLAM Based on Local-Global Encoding18 Mar 2024
- 2023NeRF-VO: Real-Time Sparse Visual Odometry with Neural Radiance Fields20 Dec 2023
- 2023Learning Neural Implicit through Volume Rendering with Attentive Depth Fusion Priors17 Oct 2023
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fields7 Oct 2023
- 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAM8 Sep 2023
- 2023MIPS-Fusion: Multi-Implicit-Submaps for Scalable and Robust Online Neural RGB-D Reconstruction17 Aug 2023
- 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereo14 Jun 2023
- 2023EgoLocate: Real-time Motion Capture, Localization, and Mapping with Sparse Body-mounted Sensors2 May 2023
- 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAM27 Apr 2023
- 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAM7 Feb 2023
- 2022PRISM: Probabilistic Real-Time Inference in Spatial World Models6 Dec 2022
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fields21 Nov 2022
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fields24 Oct 2022
- 2022Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAM3 Oct 2022
- 2022Orbeez-SLAM: A Real-time Monocular Visual SLAM with ORB Features and NeRF-realized Mapping27 Sep 2022
- 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Camera24 Aug 2022
- 2022GeoRefine: Self-Supervised Online Depth Refinement for Accurate Dense Mapping3 May 2022
- 2022TerrainMesh: Metric-Semantic Terrain Reconstruction from Aerial Images Using Joint 2D-3D Learning23 Apr 2022
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAM22 Dec 2021
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 198
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAMcited by 183
- 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 162
- 2022ESLAM: Efficient Dense SLAM System Based on Hybrid Representation of Signed Distance Fieldscited by 158
- 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstructioncited by 139
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
- 2022Orbeez-SLAM: A Real-time Monocular Visual SLAM with ORB Features and NeRF-realized Mappingcited by 79
- 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Cameracited by 70
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2023EgoLocate: Real-time Motion Capture, Localization, and Mapping with Sparse Body-mounted Sensorscited by 48
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2025EGG-Fusion: Efficient 3D Reconstruction with Geometry-aware Gaussian Surfel on the Fly1 Dec 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025GRS-SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense SLAM with Gated Recurrent State28 Sep 2025
- 2025SLAM-Former: Putting SLAM into One Transformer21 Sep 2025
- 2025Online 3D Gaussian Splatting Modeling with Novel View Selection19 Aug 2025
- 2025IPFormer: Visual 3D Panoptic Scene Completion with Context-Adaptive Instance Proposals25 Jun 2025
- 2025CAD-SLAM: Consistency-Aware Dynamic SLAM with Dynamic-Static Decoupled Mapping26 May 2025
- 2025MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstruction3 Mar 2025
- 2024MVS-GS: High-Quality 3D Gaussian Splatting Mapping via Online Multi-View Stereo26 Dec 2024
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priors16 Dec 2024
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos12 Dec 2024
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstruction27 Nov 2024
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)