mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MUSt3R: Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstruction

arXiv 2503.01661 ↗First posted 3 Mar 2025cs.CVcited by 141

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Abstract (arXiv)

DUSt3R introduced a novel paradigm in geometric computer vision by proposing a model that can provide dense and unconstrained Stereo 3D Reconstruction of arbitrary image collections with no prior information about camera calibration nor viewpoint poses. Under the hood, however, DUSt3R processes image pairs, regressing local 3D reconstructions that need to be aligned in a global coordinate system. The number of pairs, growing quadratically, is an inherent limitation that becomes especially concerning for robust and fast optimization in the case of large image collections. In this paper, we propose an extension of DUSt3R from pairs to multiple views, that addresses all aforementioned concerns. Indeed, we propose a Multi-view Network for Stereo 3D Reconstruction, or MUSt3R, that modifies the DUSt3R architecture by making it symmetric and extending it to directly predict 3D structure for all views in a common coordinate frame. Second, we entail the model with a multi-layer memory mechanism which allows to reduce the computational complexity and to scale the reconstruction to large collections, inferring thousands of 3D pointmaps at high frame-rates with limited added complexity. The framework is designed to perform 3D reconstruction both offline and online, and hence can be seamlessly applied to SfM and visual SLAM scenarios showing state-of-the-art performance on various 3D downstream tasks, including uncalibrated Visual Odometry, relative camera pose, scale and focal estimation, 3D reconstruction and multi-view depth estimation.

Key facts. Cited by 141 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 65 of its 89 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2025.

Builds on

65 of 89 references.

References · 65

  1. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  2. 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,703
  3. 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
  4. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
  5. 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,803
  6. 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,567
  7. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,489
  8. 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,191
  9. 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 983
  10. 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 904
  11. 2015A Large Dataset to Train Convolutional Networks for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimationcited by 881
  12. 2020ORB-SLAM3: An Accurate Open-Source Library for Visual, Visual-Inertial and Multi-Map SLAMcited by 878
38 more
  1. 2016ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Camerascited by 806
  2. 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 764
  3. 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 737
  4. 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 687
  5. 2021Common Objects in 3D: Large-Scale Learning and Evaluation of Real-life 3D Category Reconstructioncited by 652
  6. 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 589
  7. 2022Efficiently Scaling Transformer Inferencecited by 539
  8. 2023DL3DV-10K: A Large-Scale Scene Dataset for Deep Learning-based 3D Visioncited by 537
  9. 2020TartanAir: A Dataset to Push the Limits of Visual SLAMcited by 506
  10. 2019BlendedMVS: A Large-scale Dataset for Generalized Multi-view Stereo Networkscited by 490
  11. 2016Direct Sparse Odometrycited by 485
  12. 2021ARKitScenes: A Diverse Real-World Dataset For 3D Indoor Scene Understanding Using Mobile RGB-D Datacited by 454
  13. 2024MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motioncited by 442
  14. 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 415
  15. 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 313
  16. 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
  17. 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 227
  18. 2016DeMoN: Depth and Motion Network for Learning Monocular Stereocited by 201
  19. 2022Deep Patch Visual Odometrycited by 190
  20. 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
  21. 2018DeepV2D: Video to Depth with Differentiable Structure from Motioncited by 185
  22. 2023Co-SLAM: Joint Coordinate and Sparse Parametric Encodings for Neural Real-Time SLAMcited by 184
  23. 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 166
  24. 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 164
  25. 2024MASt3R-SfM: a Fully-Integrated Solution for Unconstrained Structure-from-Motioncited by 162
  26. 2022CroCo: Self-Supervised Pre-training for 3D Vision Tasks by Cross-View Completioncited by 160
  27. 2023PoseDiffusion: Solving Pose Estimation via Diffusion-aided Bundle Adjustmentcited by 147
  28. 2024Cameras as Rays: Pose Estimation via Ray Diffusioncited by 131
  29. 2021SMD-Nets: Stereo Mixture Density Networkscited by 120
  30. 2020DeepFactors: Real-Time Probabilistic Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 117
  31. 2024RGBD Objects in the Wild: Scaling Real-World 3D Object Learning from RGB-D Videoscited by 115
  32. 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 114
  33. 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
  34. 2022Orbeez-SLAM: A Real-time Monocular Visual SLAM with ORB Features and NeRF-realized Mappingcited by 79
  35. 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
  36. 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
  37. 2018VisemeNet: Audio-Driven Animator-Centric Speech Animationcited by 63
  38. 2024FlowMap: High-Quality Camera Poses, Intrinsics, and Depth via Gradient Descentcited by 61

50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 54; 2026: 87.

141 papers.

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  1. 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Viewscited by 692
  2. 2025MapAnything: Universal Feed-Forward Metric 3D Reconstructioncited by 314
  3. 2025ViPE: Video Pose Engine for 3D Geometric Perceptioncited by 170
  4. 2025TTT3R: 3D Reconstruction as Test-Time Trainingcited by 129
  5. 2025SpatialVID: A Large-Scale Video Dataset with Spatial Annotationscited by 77
  6. 2025Spatia: Video Generation with Updatable Spatial Memorycited by 40
  7. 2025Human3R: Everyone Everywhere All at Oncecited by 37
  8. 2026Scal3R: Scalable Test-Time Training for Large-Scale 3D Reconstructioncited by 31
  9. 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
  10. 2025VGGT4D: Mining Motion Cues in Visual Geometry Transformers for 4D Scene Reconstructioncited by 28
  11. 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Surveycited by 27
  12. 2025GeoAware-VLA: Implicit Geometry Aware Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 26
38 more
  1. 2026VGGT-Omegacited by 26
  2. 2025Block-Sparse Global Attention for Efficient Multi-View Geometry Transformerscited by 23
  3. 2025MoRE: 3D Visual Geometry Reconstruction Meets Mixture-of-Expertscited by 21
  4. 2025PanSt3R: Multi-view Consistent Panoptic Segmentationcited by 20
  5. 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backendcited by 20
  6. 2026VGG-T3: Offline Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction at Scalecited by 18
  7. 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Associationcited by 16
  8. 2025HAMSt3R: Human-Aware Multi-view Stereo 3D Reconstructioncited by 15
  9. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 14
  10. 2025Towards Cross-View Point Correspondence in Vision-Language Modelscited by 14
  11. 2026GlobalSplat: Efficient Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting via Global Scene Tokenscited by 12
  12. 2025VGGT-DP: Generalizable Robot Control via Vision Foundation Modelscited by 11
  13. 2026Generalizing Visual Geometry Priors to Sparse Gaussian Occupancy Predictioncited by 11
  14. 2026Group Editing: Edit Multiple Images in One Gocited by 11
  15. 2025Can Video Diffusion Model Reconstruct 4D Geometry?cited by 10
  16. 2025Review of Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction: From DUSt3R to VGGTcited by 10
  17. 2025Co-Me: Confidence-Guided Token Merging for Visual Geometric Transformerscited by 10
  18. 20254D-VGGT: A General Foundation Model with SpatioTemporal Awareness for Dynamic Scene Geometry Estimationcited by 10
  19. 2025Regist3R: Incremental Registration with Stereo Foundation Modelcited by 9
  20. 2026UniSH: Unifying Scene and Human Reconstruction in a Feed-Forward Passcited by 9
  21. 2025Unposed 3DGS Reconstruction with Probabilistic Procrustes Mappingcited by 8
  22. 2025CUPID: Generative 3D Reconstruction via Joint Object and Pose Modelingcited by 8
  23. 2025Understanding Multi-View Transformerscited by 8
  24. 2026MVGGT: Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer for Multiview 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 8
  25. 2026Flow4R: Unifying 4D Reconstruction and Tracking with Scene Flowcited by 8
  26. 2025E3D-Bench: A Benchmark for End-to-End 3D Geometric Foundation Modelscited by 7
  27. 2025GENA3D: Generative Amodal 3D Modeling by Bridging 2D Priors and 3D Coherencecited by 6
  28. 2025Analyzing the Mechanism of Attention Collapse in VGGT from a Dynamics Perspectivecited by 6
  29. 2026OccAny: Generalized Unconstrained Urban 3D Occupancycited by 6
  30. 2026Fisheye3R: Adapting Unified 3D Feed-Forward Foundation Models to Fisheye Lensescited by 6
  31. 2025OracleGS: Grounding Generative Priors for Sparse-View Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
  32. 2025MuM: Multi-View Masked Image Modeling for 3D Visioncited by 5
  33. 2025TALO: Pushing 3D Vision Foundation Models Towards Globally Consistent Online Reconstructioncited by 5
  34. 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 5
  35. 2025KV-Tracker: Real-Time Pose Tracking with Transformerscited by 5
  36. 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Modelscited by 5
  37. 2025MoonSeg3R: Monocular Online Zero-Shot Segment Anything in 3D with Reconstructive Foundation Priorscited by 4
  38. 20263AM: 3egment Anything with Geometric Consistency in Videoscited by 4

50 most cited of 141 All 141 (JSON)