MineWorld: a Real-Time and Open-Source Interactive World Model on Minecraft
On the map: World models → Video-generation world models and simulators
Abstract (arXiv)
World modeling is a crucial task for enabling intelligent agents to effectively interact with humans and operate in dynamic environments. In this work, we propose MineWorld, a real-time interactive world model on Minecraft, an open-ended sandbox game which has been utilized as a common testbed for world modeling. MineWorld is driven by a visual-action autoregressive Transformer, which takes paired game scenes and corresponding actions as input, and generates consequent new scenes following the actions. Specifically, by transforming visual game scenes and actions into discrete token ids with an image tokenizer and an action tokenizer correspondingly, we consist the model input with the concatenation of the two kinds of ids interleaved. The model is then trained with next token prediction to learn rich representations of game states as well as the conditions between states and actions simultaneously. In inference, we develop a novel parallel decoding algorithm that predicts the spatial redundant tokens in each frame at the same time, letting models in different scales generate 4 to 7 frames per second and enabling real-time interactions with game players. In evaluation, we propose new metrics to assess not only visual quality but also the action following capacity when generating new scenes, which is crucial for a world model. Our comprehensive evaluation shows the efficacy of MineWorld, outperforming SoTA open-sourced diffusion based world models significantly. The code and model have been released.
Key facts. Cited by 93 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video-generation world models and simulators, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 33 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Apr 2025.
Builds on
33 of 39 references.
Closest ancestors · 6
Same direction, newest first
- 2024WorldSimBench: Towards Video Generation Models as World Simulators23 Oct
- 2024Diffusion Models Are Real-Time Game Engines27 Aug
- 2024CogVideoX: Text-to-Video Diffusion Models with An Expert Transformer12 Aug
- 2024Genie: Generative Interactive Environments23 Feb
- 2023Learning Interactive Real-World Simulators9 Oct
- 2022MaskGIT: Masked Generative Image Transformer8 Feb
Other references · 27
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
- 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,581
- 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
- 2019Dream to Control: Learning Behaviors by Latent Imaginationcited by 1,598
- 2018World Modelscited by 1,444
- 2019Root Mean Square Layer Normalizationcited by 1,425
15 more
- 2018Towards Accurate Generative Models of Video: A New Metric & Challengescited by 1,204
- 2025Cosmos World Foundation Model Platform for Physical AIcited by 833
- 2023Language Model Beats Diffusion -- Tokenizer is Key to Visual Generationcited by 633
- 2023VideoPoet: A Large Language Model for Zero-Shot Video Generationcited by 479
- 2022Video PreTraining (VPT): Learning to Act by Watching Unlabeled Online Videoscited by 338
- 2023Sequential Modeling Enables Scalable Learning for Large Vision Modelscited by 212
- 2024iVideoGPT: Interactive VideoGPTs are Scalable World Modelscited by 136
- 2024Randomized Autoregressive Visual Generationcited by 125
- 2024VidTok: A Versatile and Open-Source Video Tokenizercited by 35
- 2024aMUSEd: An Open MUSE Reproductioncited by 32
- 2024ZipAR: Parallel Auto-regressive Image Generation through Spatial Localitycited by 20
- 2024VidTwin: Video VAE with Decoupled Structure and Dynamicscited by 14
- 2025Fast Autoregressive Video Generation with Diagonal Decodingcited by 8
- 2024Elucidating the design space of language models for image generationcited by 6
- 2023Lformer: Text-to-Image Generation with L-shape Block Parallel Decodingcited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 37; 2026: 56.
93 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025Matrix-game 2.0: An open-source real-time and streaming interactive world modelcited by 174
- 2025Training Agents Inside of Scalable World Modelscited by 122
- 2026DreamDojo: A Generalist Robot World Model from Large-Scale Human Videoscited by 117
- 2025Geometry Forcing: Marrying Video Diffusion and 3D Representation for Consistent World Modelingcited by 86
- 2025Autoregressive Adversarial Post-Training for Real-Time Interactive Video Generationcited by 84
- 2025OpenS2V-Nexus: A Detailed Benchmark and Million-Scale Dataset for Subject-to-Video Generationcited by 73
- 2025MotionStream: Real-Time Video Generation with Interactive Motion Controlscited by 71
- 2025Vid2World: Crafting Video Diffusion Models to Interactive World Modelscited by 67
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AIcited by 65
- 2025WorldEval: World Model as Real-World Robot Policies Evaluatorcited by 64
- 2026Helios: Real Real-Time Long Video Generation Modelcited by 56
- 2025Memory Forcing: Spatio-Temporal Memory for Consistent Scene Generation on Minecraftcited by 46
38 more
- 2025VRAG: Learning World Models for Interactive Video Generationcited by 37
- 2025PAN: A World Model for General, Actionable, and Long-Horizon World Simulationcited by 36
- 2025LLM-Based Human-Agent Collaboration and Interaction Systems: A Surveycited by 28
- 2026WorldMark: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Interactive Video World Modelscited by 24
- 2025A Survey of Interactive Generative Videocited by 23
- 2025WorldLens: Full-Spectrum Evaluations of Driving World Models in Real Worldcited by 22
- 2025PlayerOne: Egocentric World Simulatorcited by 20
- 2026MultiWorld: Scalable Multi-Agent Multi-View Video World Modelscited by 19
- 2025Playing with Transformer at 30+ FPS via Next-Frame Diffusioncited by 18
- 2025MobileWorldBench: Towards Semantic World Modeling For Mobile Agentscited by 18
- 2025AstraNav-World: World Model for Foresight Control and Consistencycited by 17
- 2026Omni-WorldBench: Towards a Comprehensive Interaction-Centric Evaluation for World Modelscited by 17
- 2025Yan: Foundational Interactive Video Generationcited by 15
- 2025Simulating the Visual World with Artificial Intelligence: A Roadmapcited by 15
- 2025Memorize-and-Generate: Towards Long-Term Consistency in Real-Time Video Generationcited by 15
- 2026WorldStereo: Bridging Camera-Guided Video Generation and Scene Reconstruction via 3D Geometric Memoriescited by 15
- 2026LIVE: Long-horizon Interactive Video World Modelingcited by 14
- 2026Wonder: Video World Model Done Bettercited by 13
- 2025Reinforcement Learning with Inverse Rewards for World Model Post-trainingcited by 12
- 2026StableWorld: Towards Stable and Consistent Long Interactive Video Generationcited by 12
- 2026WorldCam: Interactive Autoregressive 3D Gaming Worlds with Camera Pose as a Unifying Geometric Representationcited by 12
- 2026SCOPE: Simulating Cross-game Operations in Playable Environments for FPS World Modelscited by 12
- 2025Aerial World Model for Long-horizon Visual Generation and Navigation in 3D Spacecited by 11
- 2026Agentic World Modeling: Foundations, Capabilities, Laws, and Beyondcited by 10
- 2026Incantation: Natural Language as the Action Interface for Multi-Entity Video World Modelscited by 10
- 2025Recurrent Autoregressive Diffusion: Global Memory Meets Local Attentioncited by 9
- 2026Code World Model: Coding Agent as World Braincited by 9
- 2026SolarWM: Open Data and Scalable Training for Long-Horizon Video World Modelscited by 9
- 2025Generative World Modelling for Humanoids: 1X World Model Challenge Technical Reportcited by 8
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 8
- 2026WorldRoamBench: An Open-World Benchmark for Long-Horizon Stability of Interactive World Modelscited by 8
- 2025LoopNav: Benchmarking Spatial Consistency in World Modelscited by 7
- 2025WorldPack: Dynamic Frame Compression for Long-context Video World Modelingcited by 7
- 2026CausalSpatial: A Benchmark for Object-Centric Causal Spatial Reasoningcited by 7
- 2026Geometry-Aware Implicit Memory for Video World Modelscited by 7
- 2026Flow Equivariant World Models: Memory for Partially Observed Dynamic Environmentscited by 6
- 2026Towards Interactive Video World Modeling: Frontiers, Challenges, Benchmarks, and Future Trendscited by 6
- 2025From Masks to Worlds: A Hitchhiker's Guide to World Modelscited by 5
50 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2026MultiWorldBench: Do Independently Controlled Views Describe One Shared World?8 Oct 2026
- 2026Mine Odyssey: Benchmarking Spatial Agentic Intelligence in the Wild8 Oct 2026
- 2026Oneira: From Open-Ended Generation to Open-World Interaction in Video World Models1 Oct 2026
- 2026DeCoPrune: Efficient KV-Cache Pruning for Autoregressive Video Diffusion via Denoising Consistency30 Sep 2026
- 2026Pixels to Keys: Exploring Spatial and Motion Cues in Gameplay Inverse Dynamics29 Sep 2026
- 2026Action Forcing: Training World Models on Unsupervised Video by Recovering Underlying Egomotion Bases24 Sep 2026
- 2026Code Plans, Diffusion Renders: Open-Ended Generative World Modeling22 Sep 2026
- 2026World Models for Embodied Intelligence: From Plausible to Controllable to Actionable15 Sep 2026
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Era15 Sep 2026
- 2026Valerant: An Automatic Navigable Game Map Generator via Action-Conditioned World Model Exploration8 Sep 2026
- 2026SolarWM: Open Data and Scalable Training for Long-Horizon Video World Models2 Sep 2026
- 2026Code World Model: Coding Agent as World Brain26 Aug 2026
38 more
- 2026GameWAM: A World Action Model for Video Games25 Aug 2026
- 2026Game2World Engine: Unlocking In-the-Wild Gameplay Videos for World Model Training25 Aug 2026
- 2026From Generation to Simulation: How Far Are World Models from Being True Simulators?24 Aug 2026
- 2026HarnessEval-W: Agentifying the Evaluation of Visual Worlds17 Aug 2026
- 2026WorldRover: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations16 Aug 2026
- 2026Marionette: Predicting World States, Rendering Geometry, Painting Appearance14 Aug 2026
- 2026ForgeWM: Progressive Causal Training for Few-Step Action-Conditioned Video World Models14 Aug 2026
- 2026Sekai2: From World Exploration to Interactive World Modeling10 Aug 2026
- 2026HelloWorld: Enabling Socially Interactive Characters in Video World Models5 Aug 2026
- 2026Quo Vadis, World Modeling?3 Aug 2026
- 2026Mitigating Compounding Error via Video Representation Regularization29 Jul 2026
- 2026Wonder: Video World Model Done Better28 Jul 2026
- 2026Reinforcement Learning: From Algorithms To Foundation Models20 Jul 2026
- 2026From Pixels to States: Rethinking Interactive World Models as Game Engines15 Jul 2026
- 2026AlayaWorld: Long-Horizon and Playable Video World Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026WorldRoamBench: An Open-World Benchmark for Long-Horizon Stability of Interactive World Models30 Jun 2026
- 2026PhysEditWorld: A Large-Scale Dataset Toward Physics-Editable World Models25 Jun 2026
- 2026EgoCS-400K: An Egocentric Gameplay Dataset for World Models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application10 Jun 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Visual State Tracking in Multimodal Video Understanding2 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Aware Implicit Memory for Video World Models1 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Interactive Video World Modeling: Frontiers, Challenges, Benchmarks, and Future Trends31 May 2026
- 2026DecMem: Towards Minute-Long Consistent World Generation with Decoupled Memory29 May 2026
- 2026SCOPE: Simulating Cross-game Operations in Playable Environments for FPS World Models22 May 2026
- 2026Incantation: Natural Language as the Action Interface for Multi-Entity Video World Models18 May 2026
- 2026PROWL: Prioritized Regret-Driven Optimization for World Model Learning11 May 2026
- 2026Towards Generalist Game Players: An Investigation of Foundation Models in the Game Multiverse11 May 2026
- 2026Agentic World Modeling: Foundations, Capabilities, Laws, and Beyond24 Apr 2026
- 2026WorldMark: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Interactive Video World Models23 Apr 2026
- 2026MultiWorld: Scalable Multi-Agent Multi-View Video World Models20 Apr 2026
- 2026Envisioning the Future, One Step at a Time10 Apr 2026
- 2026Video Generation Models as World Models: Efficient Paradigms, Architectures and Algorithms30 Mar 2026
- 2026Omni-WorldBench: Towards a Comprehensive Interaction-Centric Evaluation for World Models23 Mar 2026
- 2026P-Flow: Prompting Visual Effects Generation23 Mar 2026
- 2026WorldCam: Interactive Autoregressive 3D Gaming Worlds with Camera Pose as a Unifying Geometric Representation17 Mar 2026
- 2026Helios: Real Real-Time Long Video Generation Model4 Mar 2026
- 2026WorldStereo: Bridging Camera-Guided Video Generation and Scene Reconstruction via 3D Geometric Memories2 Mar 2026
- 2026DreamDojo: A Generalist Robot World Model from Large-Scale Human Videos6 Feb 2026
50 newest of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2025Matrix-game 2.0: An open-source real-time and streaming interactive world modelcited by 174
- 2025Training Agents Inside of Scalable World Modelscited by 122
- 2026DreamDojo: A Generalist Robot World Model from Large-Scale Human Videoscited by 117
- 2025Geometry Forcing: Marrying Video Diffusion and 3D Representation for Consistent World Modelingcited by 86
- 2025Vid2World: Crafting Video Diffusion Models to Interactive World Modelscited by 67
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AIcited by 65
- 2025WorldEval: World Model as Real-World Robot Policies Evaluatorcited by 64
- 2025Memory Forcing: Spatio-Temporal Memory for Consistent Scene Generation on Minecraftcited by 46
- 2025VRAG: Learning World Models for Interactive Video Generationcited by 37
- 2025PAN: A World Model for General, Actionable, and Long-Horizon World Simulationcited by 36
- 2026WorldMark: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Interactive Video World Modelscited by 24
- 2025WorldLens: Full-Spectrum Evaluations of Driving World Models in Real Worldcited by 22
12 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2026Oneira: From Open-Ended Generation to Open-World Interaction in Video World Models1 Oct 2026
- 2026Action Forcing: Training World Models on Unsupervised Video by Recovering Underlying Egomotion Bases24 Sep 2026
- 2026Code Plans, Diffusion Renders: Open-Ended Generative World Modeling22 Sep 2026
- 2026World Models for Embodied Intelligence: From Plausible to Controllable to Actionable15 Sep 2026
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Era15 Sep 2026
- 2026Valerant: An Automatic Navigable Game Map Generator via Action-Conditioned World Model Exploration8 Sep 2026
- 2026SolarWM: Open Data and Scalable Training for Long-Horizon Video World Models2 Sep 2026
- 2026Code World Model: Coding Agent as World Brain26 Aug 2026
- 2026GameWAM: A World Action Model for Video Games25 Aug 2026
- 2026Game2World Engine: Unlocking In-the-Wild Gameplay Videos for World Model Training25 Aug 2026
- 2026From Generation to Simulation: How Far Are World Models from Being True Simulators?24 Aug 2026
- 2026HarnessEval-W: Agentifying the Evaluation of Visual Worlds17 Aug 2026
12 newest of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2025LLM-Based Human-Agent Collaboration and Interaction Systems: A Surveycited by 28
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 8
- 2025MineAnyBuild: Benchmarking Spatial Planning for Open-world AI Agentscited by 3
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application10 Jun 2026
- 2025MineAnyBuild: Benchmarking Spatial Planning for Open-world AI Agents26 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Based Human-Agent Collaboration and Interaction Systems: A Survey1 May 2025
- 2025Playing with Transformer at 30+ FPS via Next-Frame Diffusioncited by 18
- 2026WorldStereo: Bridging Camera-Guided Video Generation and Scene Reconstruction via 3D Geometric Memoriescited by 15
- 2026DeCoPrune: Efficient KV-Cache Pruning for Autoregressive Video Diffusion via Denoising Consistencycited by 0
- 2026DeCoPrune: Efficient KV-Cache Pruning for Autoregressive Video Diffusion via Denoising Consistency30 Sep 2026
- 2026WorldStereo: Bridging Camera-Guided Video Generation and Scene Reconstruction via 3D Geometric Memories2 Mar 2026
- 2025Playing with Transformer at 30+ FPS via Next-Frame Diffusion2 Jun 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Adversarial Post-Training for Real-Time Interactive Video Generationcited by 84
- 2025OpenS2V-Nexus: A Detailed Benchmark and Million-Scale Dataset for Subject-to-Video Generationcited by 73
- 2025MotionStream: Real-Time Video Generation with Interactive Motion Controlscited by 71
- 2026Helios: Real Real-Time Long Video Generation Modelcited by 56
- 2025A Survey of Interactive Generative Videocited by 23
- 2025PlayerOne: Egocentric World Simulatorcited by 20
- 2025Yan: Foundational Interactive Video Generationcited by 15
- 2026StableWorld: Towards Stable and Consistent Long Interactive Video Generationcited by 12
- 2025Recurrent Autoregressive Diffusion: Global Memory Meets Local Attentioncited by 9
- 2026Dynamic Worlds, Dynamic Humans: Generating Virtual Human-Scene Interaction Motion in Dynamic Scenescited by 2
- 2026Self-evolving Embodied AIcited by 2
- 2026Envisioning the Future, One Step at a Timecited by 2
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026MultiWorldBench: Do Independently Controlled Views Describe One Shared World?8 Oct 2026
- 2026Mine Odyssey: Benchmarking Spatial Agentic Intelligence in the Wild8 Oct 2026
- 2026Pixels to Keys: Exploring Spatial and Motion Cues in Gameplay Inverse Dynamics29 Sep 2026
- 2026WorldRover: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations16 Aug 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Visual State Tracking in Multimodal Video Understanding2 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Generalist Game Players: An Investigation of Foundation Models in the Game Multiverse11 May 2026
- 2026Envisioning the Future, One Step at a Time10 Apr 2026
- 2026P-Flow: Prompting Visual Effects Generation23 Mar 2026
- 2026Helios: Real Real-Time Long Video Generation Model4 Mar 2026
- 2026Self-evolving Embodied AI4 Feb 2026
- 2026Dynamic Worlds, Dynamic Humans: Generating Virtual Human-Scene Interaction Motion in Dynamic Scenes27 Jan 2026
- 2026StableWorld: Towards Stable and Consistent Long Interactive Video Generation21 Jan 2026
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Matrix-Game: Interactive World Foundation Model
- 2026Solaris: Building a Multiplayer Video World Model in Minecraft
- 2026MineExplorer: Evaluating Open-World Exploration of MLLM Agents in Minecraft
- 2024TeamCraft: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-Agent Systems in Minecraft
- 2025Game-TARS: Pretrained Foundation Models for Scalable Generalist Multimodal Game Agents
- 2025OpenHA: A Series of Open-Source Hierarchical Agentic Models in Minecraft
- 2023JARVIS-1: Open-World Multi-task Agents with Memory-Augmented Multimodal Language Models
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledge