GO-SLAM: Global Optimization for Consistent 3D Instant Reconstruction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Neural implicit representations have recently demonstrated compelling results on dense Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) but suffer from the accumulation of errors in camera tracking and distortion in the reconstruction. Purposely, we present GO-SLAM, a deep-learning-based dense visual SLAM framework globally optimizing poses and 3D reconstruction in real-time. Robust pose estimation is at its core, supported by efficient loop closing and online full bundle adjustment, which optimize per frame by utilizing the learned global geometry of the complete history of input frames. Simultaneously, we update the implicit and continuous surface representation on-the-fly to ensure global consistency of 3D reconstruction. Results on various synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that GO-SLAM outperforms state-of-the-art approaches at tracking robustness and reconstruction accuracy. Furthermore, GO-SLAM is versatile and can run with monocular, stereo, and RGB-D input.
Key facts. Cited by 132 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2023.
Builds on
41 of 56 references.
References · 41
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,385
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2015ORB-SLAM: a Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM Systemcited by 983
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
- 2020ORB-SLAM3: An Accurate Open-Source Library for Visual, Visual-Inertial and Multi-Map SLAMcited by 862
- 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
29 more
- 2016ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Camerascited by 801
- 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
- 2020Implicit Geometric Regularization for Learning Shapescited by 707
- 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 673
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
- 2016Direct Sparse Odometrycited by 479
- 2021iMAP: Implicit Mapping and Positioning in Real-Timecited by 476
- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 467
- 2020INeRF: Inverting Neural Radiance Fields for Pose Estimationcited by 381
- 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 312
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2018DeepV2D: Video to Depth with Differentiable Structure from Motioncited by 185
- 2023NICER-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scene Encoding for RGB SLAMcited by 162
- 2017CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth predictioncited by 152
- 2018CodeSLAM - Learning a Compact, Optimisable Representation for Dense Visual SLAMcited by 151
- 2020DeepFactors: Real-Time Probabilistic Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 117
- 2022iSDF: Real-Time Neural Signed Distance Fields for Robot Perceptioncited by 107
- 2022NeRFusion: Fusing Radiance Fields for Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 99
- 2018DeepTAM: Deep Tracking and Mappingcited by 87
- 2022Neural 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 79
- 2022Orbeez-SLAM: A Real-time Monocular Visual SLAM with ORB Features and NeRF-realized Mappingcited by 79
- 2020DI-Fusion: Online Implicit 3D Reconstruction with Deep Priorscited by 70
- 2022GO-Surf: Neural Feature Grid Optimization for Fast, High-Fidelity RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 61
- 2023Dense RGB SLAM with Neural Implicit Mapscited by 42
- 2022RC-MVSNet: Unsupervised Multi-View Stereo with Neural Renderingcited by 30
- 2022BNV-Fusion: Dense 3D Reconstruction using Bi-level Neural Volume Fusioncited by 29
- 2022MonoNeuralFusion: Online Monocular Neural 3D Reconstruction with Geometric Priorscited by 17
- 2022HRBF-Fusion: Accurate 3D reconstruction from RGB-D data using on-the-fly implicitscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 54; 2025: 39; 2026: 27.
132 papers.
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- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,526
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 198
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 152
- 2023Photo-SLAM: Real-time Simultaneous Localization and Photorealistic Mapping for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 139
- 2025VGGT-SLAM: Dense RGB SLAM Optimized on the SL(4) Manifoldcited by 130
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 86
- 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
- 2024Deep Patch Visual SLAMcited by 68
- 2024Splat-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only SLAM with 3D Gaussianscited by 64
- 2024LoopSplat: Loop Closure by Registering 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 59
38 more
- 2024Loopy-SLAM: Dense Neural SLAM with Loop Closurescited by 48
- 2024GlORIE-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only Implicit Encoding Point Cloud SLAMcited by 36
- 2024The NeRFect Match: Exploring NeRF Features for Visual Localizationcited by 32
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
- 2024Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting For Dense Visual SLAMcited by 24
- 2024HI-SLAM2: Geometry-Aware Gaussian SLAM for Fast Monocular Scene Reconstructioncited by 24
- 2024DDN-SLAM: Real-time Dense Dynamic Neural Implicit SLAMcited by 22
- 2024MG-SLAM: Structure Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Manhattan World Hypothesiscited by 22
- 2026VGGT-SLAM 2.0: Real-time Dense Feed-forward Scene Reconstructioncited by 22
- 2024Neural Radiance Field in Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 19
- 2024NIS-SLAM: Neural Implicit Semantic RGB-D SLAM for 3D Consistent Scene Understandingcited by 19
- 2024MoD-SLAM: Monocular Dense Mapping for Unbounded 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localizationcited by 18
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
- 2024Evaluating Modern Approaches in 3D Scene Reconstruction: NeRF vs Gaussian-Based Methodscited by 16
- 2025RGB-Only Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Unbounded Outdoor Scenescited by 16
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backendcited by 16
- 2024DROID-Splat: Combining end-to-end SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2025DenseSplat: Densifying Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Neural Radiance Priorcited by 14
- 2025GigaSLAM: Large-Scale Monocular SLAM with Hierarchical Gaussian Splatscited by 14
- 2024AirPlanes: Accurate Plane Estimation via 3D-Consistent Embeddingscited by 13
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
- 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Associationcited by 13
- 2024Neural Radiance Field-based Visual Rendering: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 12
- 2024MAGiC-SLAM: Multi-Agent Gaussian Globally Consistent SLAMcited by 12
- 2025VPGS-SLAM: Voxel-based Progressive 3D Gaussian SLAM in Large-Scale Scenescited by 12
- 2023Learning Neural Implicit through Volume Rendering with Attentive Depth Fusion Priorscited by 11
- 2024Q-SLAM: Quadric Representations for Monocular SLAMcited by 11
- 2024PG-SLAM: Photo-realistic and Geometry-aware RGB-D SLAM in Dynamic Environmentscited by 11
- 2025SEGS-SLAM: Structure-enhanced 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Appearance Embeddingcited by 11
- 2025Advancing Dense Endoscopic Reconstruction with Gaussian Splatting-driven Surface Normal-aware Tracking and Mappingcited by 11
- 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representationcited by 11
- 2023NeRF-VO: Real-Time Sparse Visual Odometry with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
- 2024RTG-SLAM: Real-time 3D Reconstruction at Scale using Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2024MGS-SLAM: Monocular Sparse Tracking and Gaussian Mapping with Depth Smooth Regularizationcited by 10
- 2025Ov3R: Open-Vocabulary Semantic 3D Reconstruction from RGB Videoscited by 10
- 2023DVI-SLAM: A Dual Visual Inertial SLAM Networkcited by 9
- 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping Systemcited by 9
50 most cited of 132 All 132 (JSON)
- 2026Adaptive World Memory 3D Foundation Model for Scalable 3D Mapping, Localization, and Rendering18 Sep 2026
- 2026GRF-Recon: Global Ray-Field Optimization for Long-Sequence Feed-forward Reconstruction17 Sep 2026
- 2026VGGT-GS SLAM: Uncalibrated Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Feed-Forward Priors17 Sep 2026
- 2026LightSplat: Real-Time High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian SLAM with Loop Closure7 Sep 2026
- 2026BLASt3R: Bundle Adjustment of Any Image Set with Multi-View Matching and Monocular Priors4 Sep 2026
- 2026Failure or Drift? Evaluating Monocular SLAM under Synthetic and Real-World Corruptions31 Aug 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026CGS-SLAM: Collaborative Gaussian Splatting based SLAM for Multi-Agent Reconstruction27 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-Submap Implicit Neural SLAM with Local-to-Global Loop Closure for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction10 Aug 2026
- 2026UniSim-SLAM: Feed-Forward SLAM with Unified Sim(3) Optimization3 Aug 2026
- 2026VidMap: Exploiting Temporal Structure for Video-Based Structure-from-Motion29 Jul 2026
- 2026MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos16 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026Mono-Hydra++: Real-Time Monocular Scene Graph Construction with Multi-Task Learning for 3D Indoor Mapping17 May 2026
- 2026Online3R: Online Learning for Consistent Sequential Reconstruction Based on Geometry Foundation Model10 Apr 2026
- 2026VGGT-SLAM++8 Apr 2026
- 2026DINO-VO: Learning Where to Focus for Enhanced State Estimation5 Apr 2026
- 2026M2H-MX: Multi-Task Semantic and Geometric Perception for Real-Time Monocular 3D Scene Graph Construction31 Mar 2026
- 2026SGAD-SLAM: Splatting Gaussians at Adjusted Depth for Better Radiance Fields in RGBD SLAM22 Mar 2026
- 2026DROID-SLAM in the Wild19 Mar 2026
- 2026OnlineHMR: Video-based Online World-Grounded Human Mesh Recovery18 Mar 2026
- 2026VarSplat: Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust RGB-D SLAM10 Mar 2026
- 2026MipSLAM: Alias-Free Gaussian Splatting SLAM7 Mar 2026
- 2026S-MUSt3R: Sliding Multi-view 3D Reconstruction4 Feb 2026
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directions4 Feb 2026
- 2026EUGens: Efficient, Unified, and General Dense Layers30 Jan 2026
- 2026PLANING: A Loosely Coupled Triangle-Gaussian Framework for Streaming 3D Reconstruction29 Jan 2026
- 2026VGGT-SLAM 2.0: Real-time Dense Feed-forward Scene Reconstruction27 Jan 2026
- 2025FoundationSLAM: Unleashing the Power of Depth Foundation Models for End-to-End Dense Visual SLAM31 Dec 2025
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025LEGO-SLAM: Language-Embedded Gaussian Optimization SLAM20 Nov 2025
- 2025ARTDECO: Towards Efficient and High-Fidelity On-the-Fly 3D Reconstruction with Structured Scene Representation9 Oct 2025
- 2025Dropping the D: RGB-D SLAM Without the Depth Sensor7 Oct 2025
- 2025From Fields to Splats: A Cross-Domain Survey of Real-Time Neural Scene Representations28 Sep 2025
- 2025SLAM-Former: Putting SLAM into One Transformer21 Sep 2025
- 2025ConfidentSplat: Confidence-Weighted Depth Fusion for Accurate 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM21 Sep 2025
- 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Association1 Sep 2025
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localization25 Aug 2025
- 2025Online 3D Gaussian Splatting Modeling with Novel View Selection19 Aug 2025
- 2025Pseudo Depth Meets Gaussian: A Feed-forward RGB SLAM Baseline6 Aug 2025
- 2025Ov3R: Open-Vocabulary Semantic 3D Reconstruction from RGB Videos29 Jul 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025DINO-SLAM: DINO-informed RGB-D SLAM for Neural Implicit and Explicit Representations25 Jul 2025
- 2025RemixFusion: Residual-based Mixed Representation for Large-scale Online RGB-D Reconstruction23 Jul 2025
- 2025TVG-SLAM: Robust Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Tri-view Geometric Constraints29 Jun 2025
- 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representation23 Jun 2025
- 2025Princeton365: A Diverse Dataset with Accurate Camera Pose10 Jun 2025
- 2025GS4: Generalizable Sparse Splatting Semantic SLAM6 Jun 2025
- 2025VTGaussian-SLAM: RGBD SLAM for Large Scale Scenes with Splatting View-Tied 3D Gaussians3 Jun 2025
- 2025Understanding while Exploring: Semantics-driven Active Mapping30 May 2025
50 newest of 132 All 132 (JSON)
- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,526
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 198
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 152
- 2023Photo-SLAM: Real-time Simultaneous Localization and Photorealistic Mapping for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 139
- 2025VGGT-SLAM: Dense RGB SLAM Optimized on the SL(4) Manifoldcited by 130
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 86
- 2024How NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting are Reshaping SLAM: a Surveycited by 72
- 2024Deep Patch Visual SLAMcited by 68
- 2024Splat-SLAM: Globally Optimized RGB-only SLAM with 3D Gaussianscited by 64
- 2024LoopSplat: Loop Closure by Registering 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 59
12 most cited of 130 All 130 (JSON)
- 2026GRF-Recon: Global Ray-Field Optimization for Long-Sequence Feed-forward Reconstruction17 Sep 2026
- 2026VGGT-GS SLAM: Uncalibrated Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM with Feed-Forward Priors17 Sep 2026
- 2026LightSplat: Real-Time High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian SLAM with Loop Closure7 Sep 2026
- 2026BLASt3R: Bundle Adjustment of Any Image Set with Multi-View Matching and Monocular Priors4 Sep 2026
- 2026Failure or Drift? Evaluating Monocular SLAM under Synthetic and Real-World Corruptions31 Aug 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026CGS-SLAM: Collaborative Gaussian Splatting based SLAM for Multi-Agent Reconstruction27 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-Submap Implicit Neural SLAM with Local-to-Global Loop Closure for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction10 Aug 2026
- 2026UniSim-SLAM: Feed-Forward SLAM with Unified Sim(3) Optimization3 Aug 2026
- 2026VidMap: Exploiting Temporal Structure for Video-Based Structure-from-Motion29 Jul 2026
- 2026MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos16 Jul 2026
- 2026Mono-Hydra++: Real-Time Monocular Scene Graph Construction with Multi-Task Learning for 3D Indoor Mapping17 May 2026
12 newest of 130 All 130 (JSON)