mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning Speech-driven 3D Conversational Gestures from Video

arXiv 2102.06837 ↗First posted 13 Feb 2021cs.CVcited by 98

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose the first approach to automatically and jointly synthesize both the synchronous 3D conversational body and hand gestures, as well as 3D face and head animations, of a virtual character from speech input. Our algorithm uses a CNN architecture that leverages the inherent correlation between facial expression and hand gestures. Synthesis of conversational body gestures is a multi-modal problem since many similar gestures can plausibly accompany the same input speech. To synthesize plausible body gestures in this setting, we train a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based model that measures the plausibility of the generated sequences of 3D body motion when paired with the input audio features. We also contribute a new way to create a large corpus of more than 33 hours of annotated body, hand, and face data from in-the-wild videos of talking people. To this end, we apply state-of-the-art monocular approaches for 3D body and hand pose estimation as well as dense 3D face performance capture to the video corpus. In this way, we can train on orders of magnitude more data than previous algorithms that resort to complex in-studio motion capture solutions, and thereby train more expressive synthesis algorithms. Our experiments and user study show the state-of-the-art quality of our speech-synthesized full 3D character animations.

Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Feb 2021.

Builds on

18 of 63 references.

References · 18

  1. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  2. 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,938
  3. 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,061
  4. 2017A simple yet effective baseline for 3d human pose estimationcited by 401
  5. 20183D human pose estimation in video with temporal convolutions and semi-supervised trainingcited by 401
  6. 2014Deep Speech: Scaling up end-to-end speech recognitioncited by 354
  7. 2019Capture, Learning, and Synthesis of 3D Speaking Stylescited by 257
  8. 2020Speech Gesture Generation from the Trimodal Context of Text, Audio, and Speaker Identitycited by 199
  9. 2019Learning Individual Styles of Conversational Gesturecited by 190
  10. 2018Robots Learn Social Skills: End-to-End Learning of Co-Speech Gesture Generation for Humanoid Robotscited by 110
  11. 2020Monocular Real-time Hand Shape and Motion Capture using Multi-modal Datacited by 106
  12. 2020Gesticulator: A framework for semantically-aware speech-driven gesture generationcited by 84
6 more
  1. 2019XNect: Real-time Multi-Person 3D Motion Capture with a Single RGB Cameracited by 68
  2. 2020Style Transfer for Co-Speech Gesture Animation: A Multi-Speaker Conditional-Mixture Approachcited by 64
  3. 2019Analyzing Input and Output Representations for Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 51
  4. 2017Audio to Body Dynamicscited by 48
  5. 2017Speech-driven Animation with Meaningful Behaviorscited by 11
  6. 2019Synthesising 3D Facial Motion from "In-the-Wild" Speechcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 9; 2023: 22; 2024: 26; 2025: 25; 2026: 13.

98 papers.

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  1. 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
  2. 2021FaceFormer: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Transformerscited by 208
  3. 2022Listen, Denoise, Action! Audio-Driven Motion Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 188
  4. 2023CodeTalker: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Discrete Motion Priorcited by 183
  5. 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
  6. 2022BEAT: A Large-Scale Semantic and Emotional Multi-Modal Dataset for Conversational Gestures Synthesiscited by 177
  7. 2023GestureDiffuCLIP: Gesture Diffusion Model with CLIP Latentscited by 156
  8. 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 128
  9. 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 126
  10. 2022IMos: Intent-Driven Full-Body Motion Synthesis for Human-Object Interactionscited by 121
  11. 2022Learning Hierarchical Cross-Modal Association for Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 106
  12. 2023HumanTOMATO: Text-aligned Whole-body Motion Generationcited by 103
38 more
  1. 2023EMAGE: Towards Unified Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Expressive Masked Audio Gesture Modelingcited by 101
  2. 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
  3. 2023DiffuseStyleGesture: Stylized Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 85
  4. 2023A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 66
  5. 2024DiffSHEG: A Diffusion-Based Approach for Real-Time Speech-driven Holistic 3D Expression and Gesture Generationcited by 61
  6. 2022Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Video Generationcited by 54
  7. 2024MambaTalk: Efficient Holistic Gesture Synthesis with Selective State Space Modelscited by 46
  8. 2024The Language of Motion: Unifying Verbal and Non-verbal Language of 3D Human Motioncited by 46
  9. 2025GestureLSM: Latent Shortcut based Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Spatial-Temporal Modelingcited by 43
  10. 2022Interaction Transformer for Human Reaction Generationcited by 42
  11. 2024ConvoFusion: Multi-Modal Conversational Diffusion for Co-Speech Gesture Synthesiscited by 41
  12. 2023QPGesture: Quantization-Based and Phase-Guided Motion Matching for Natural Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 40
  13. 2023Emotional Speech-driven 3D Body Animation via Disentangled Latent Diffusioncited by 39
  14. 2024Semantic Gesticulator: Semantics-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesiscited by 39
  15. 2022Rhythmic Gesticulator: Rhythm-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis with Hierarchical Neural Embeddingscited by 38
  16. 2024Enabling Synergistic Full-Body Control in Prompt-Based Co-Speech Motion Generationcited by 35
  17. 2024SemTalk: Holistic Co-speech Motion Generation with Frame-level Semantic Emphasiscited by 32
  18. 2024Towards Variable and Coordinated Holistic Co-Speech Motion Generationcited by 29
  19. 2024Retrieving Semantics from the Deep: an RAG Solution for Gesture Synthesiscited by 25
  20. 2021Transflower: probabilistic autoregressive dance generation with multimodal attentioncited by 22
  21. 2023BodyFormer: Semantics-guided 3D Body Gesture Synthesis with Transformercited by 21
  22. 2023Weakly-Supervised Emotion Transition Learning for Diverse 3D Co-speech Gesture Generationcited by 17
  23. 2025EchoMask: Speech-Queried Attention-based Mask Modeling for Holistic Co-Speech Motion Generationcited by 17
  24. 2021Integrated Speech and Gesture Synthesiscited by 16
  25. 2023EMoG: Synthesizing Emotive Co-speech 3D Gesture with Diffusion Modelcited by 15
  26. 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletonscited by 15
  27. 2024Beyond Talking -- Generating Holistic 3D Human Dyadic Motion for Communicationcited by 14
  28. 2024KMTalk: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Key Motion Embeddingcited by 14
  29. 2025Mitigating Error Accumulation in Co-Speech Motion Generation via Global Rotation Diffusion and Multi-Level Constraintscited by 12
  30. 2023Bipartite Graph Diffusion Model for Human Interaction Generationcited by 11
  31. 2025Motion-example-controlled Co-speech Gesture Generation Leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 10
  32. 2025Co3Gesture: Towards Coherent Concurrent Co-speech 3D Gesture Generation with Interactive Diffusioncited by 9
  33. 2026MIBURI: Towards Expressive Interactive Gesture Synthesiscited by 9
  34. 2025Intentional Gesture: Deliver Your Intentions with Gestures for Speechcited by 8
  35. 2025Social Agent: Mastering Dyadic Nonverbal Behavior Generation via Conversational LLM Agentscited by 8
  36. 2023BOTH2Hands: Inferring 3D Hands from Both Text Prompts and Body Dynamicscited by 7
  37. 2024RapVerse: Coherent Vocals and Whole-Body Motions Generations from Textcited by 7
  38. 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakerscited by 7

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