Learning Speech-driven 3D Conversational Gestures from Video
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose the first approach to automatically and jointly synthesize both the synchronous 3D conversational body and hand gestures, as well as 3D face and head animations, of a virtual character from speech input. Our algorithm uses a CNN architecture that leverages the inherent correlation between facial expression and hand gestures. Synthesis of conversational body gestures is a multi-modal problem since many similar gestures can plausibly accompany the same input speech. To synthesize plausible body gestures in this setting, we train a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based model that measures the plausibility of the generated sequences of 3D body motion when paired with the input audio features. We also contribute a new way to create a large corpus of more than 33 hours of annotated body, hand, and face data from in-the-wild videos of talking people. To this end, we apply state-of-the-art monocular approaches for 3D body and hand pose estimation as well as dense 3D face performance capture to the video corpus. In this way, we can train on orders of magnitude more data than previous algorithms that resort to complex in-studio motion capture solutions, and thereby train more expressive synthesis algorithms. Our experiments and user study show the state-of-the-art quality of our speech-synthesized full 3D character animations.
Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Feb 2021.
Builds on
18 of 63 references.
References · 18
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,938
- 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2017A simple yet effective baseline for 3d human pose estimationcited by 401
- 20183D human pose estimation in video with temporal convolutions and semi-supervised trainingcited by 401
- 2014Deep Speech: Scaling up end-to-end speech recognitioncited by 354
- 2019Capture, Learning, and Synthesis of 3D Speaking Stylescited by 257
- 2020Speech Gesture Generation from the Trimodal Context of Text, Audio, and Speaker Identitycited by 199
- 2019Learning Individual Styles of Conversational Gesturecited by 190
- 2018Robots Learn Social Skills: End-to-End Learning of Co-Speech Gesture Generation for Humanoid Robotscited by 110
- 2020Monocular Real-time Hand Shape and Motion Capture using Multi-modal Datacited by 106
- 2020Gesticulator: A framework for semantically-aware speech-driven gesture generationcited by 84
6 more
- 2019XNect: Real-time Multi-Person 3D Motion Capture with a Single RGB Cameracited by 68
- 2020Style Transfer for Co-Speech Gesture Animation: A Multi-Speaker Conditional-Mixture Approachcited by 64
- 2019Analyzing Input and Output Representations for Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 51
- 2017Audio to Body Dynamicscited by 48
- 2017Speech-driven Animation with Meaningful Behaviorscited by 11
- 2019Synthesising 3D Facial Motion from "In-the-Wild" Speechcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 9; 2023: 22; 2024: 26; 2025: 25; 2026: 13.
98 papers.
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- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
- 2021FaceFormer: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Transformerscited by 208
- 2022Listen, Denoise, Action! Audio-Driven Motion Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 188
- 2023CodeTalker: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Discrete Motion Priorcited by 183
- 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
- 2022BEAT: A Large-Scale Semantic and Emotional Multi-Modal Dataset for Conversational Gestures Synthesiscited by 177
- 2023GestureDiffuCLIP: Gesture Diffusion Model with CLIP Latentscited by 156
- 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 128
- 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 126
- 2022IMos: Intent-Driven Full-Body Motion Synthesis for Human-Object Interactionscited by 121
- 2022Learning Hierarchical Cross-Modal Association for Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 106
- 2023HumanTOMATO: Text-aligned Whole-body Motion Generationcited by 103
38 more
- 2023EMAGE: Towards Unified Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Expressive Masked Audio Gesture Modelingcited by 101
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2023DiffuseStyleGesture: Stylized Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 85
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 66
- 2024DiffSHEG: A Diffusion-Based Approach for Real-Time Speech-driven Holistic 3D Expression and Gesture Generationcited by 61
- 2022Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Video Generationcited by 54
- 2024MambaTalk: Efficient Holistic Gesture Synthesis with Selective State Space Modelscited by 46
- 2024The Language of Motion: Unifying Verbal and Non-verbal Language of 3D Human Motioncited by 46
- 2025GestureLSM: Latent Shortcut based Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Spatial-Temporal Modelingcited by 43
- 2022Interaction Transformer for Human Reaction Generationcited by 42
- 2024ConvoFusion: Multi-Modal Conversational Diffusion for Co-Speech Gesture Synthesiscited by 41
- 2023QPGesture: Quantization-Based and Phase-Guided Motion Matching for Natural Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 40
- 2023Emotional Speech-driven 3D Body Animation via Disentangled Latent Diffusioncited by 39
- 2024Semantic Gesticulator: Semantics-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesiscited by 39
- 2022Rhythmic Gesticulator: Rhythm-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis with Hierarchical Neural Embeddingscited by 38
- 2024Enabling Synergistic Full-Body Control in Prompt-Based Co-Speech Motion Generationcited by 35
- 2024SemTalk: Holistic Co-speech Motion Generation with Frame-level Semantic Emphasiscited by 32
- 2024Towards Variable and Coordinated Holistic Co-Speech Motion Generationcited by 29
- 2024Retrieving Semantics from the Deep: an RAG Solution for Gesture Synthesiscited by 25
- 2021Transflower: probabilistic autoregressive dance generation with multimodal attentioncited by 22
- 2023BodyFormer: Semantics-guided 3D Body Gesture Synthesis with Transformercited by 21
- 2023Weakly-Supervised Emotion Transition Learning for Diverse 3D Co-speech Gesture Generationcited by 17
- 2025EchoMask: Speech-Queried Attention-based Mask Modeling for Holistic Co-Speech Motion Generationcited by 17
- 2021Integrated Speech and Gesture Synthesiscited by 16
- 2023EMoG: Synthesizing Emotive Co-speech 3D Gesture with Diffusion Modelcited by 15
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletonscited by 15
- 2024Beyond Talking -- Generating Holistic 3D Human Dyadic Motion for Communicationcited by 14
- 2024KMTalk: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Key Motion Embeddingcited by 14
- 2025Mitigating Error Accumulation in Co-Speech Motion Generation via Global Rotation Diffusion and Multi-Level Constraintscited by 12
- 2023Bipartite Graph Diffusion Model for Human Interaction Generationcited by 11
- 2025Motion-example-controlled Co-speech Gesture Generation Leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025Co3Gesture: Towards Coherent Concurrent Co-speech 3D Gesture Generation with Interactive Diffusioncited by 9
- 2026MIBURI: Towards Expressive Interactive Gesture Synthesiscited by 9
- 2025Intentional Gesture: Deliver Your Intentions with Gestures for Speechcited by 8
- 2025Social Agent: Mastering Dyadic Nonverbal Behavior Generation via Conversational LLM Agentscited by 8
- 2023BOTH2Hands: Inferring 3D Hands from Both Text Prompts and Body Dynamicscited by 7
- 2024RapVerse: Coherent Vocals and Whole-Body Motions Generations from Textcited by 7
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakerscited by 7
50 most cited of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2026SocialHumanoid: Towards Expressive Humanoid Behavior via One-Step Co-Speech Motion Generation27 Sep 2026
- 2026LLM-Based Selection of Incongruent Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior for Virtual Humans24 Aug 2026
- 2026StreamTalk: Streaming Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Key-Pose Anchoring3 Aug 2026
- 2026Super Star: Towards Streaming Real-time Interactive Agents for Digital Humans22 Jul 2026
- 2026DyaPlex: Full-Duplex Speech-Motion Model for Dyadic Interaction2 Jun 2026
- 2026EchoAvatar: Real-time Generative Avatar Animation from Audio Streams27 May 2026
- 2026UMo: Unified Sparse Motion Modeling for Real-Time Co-Speech Avatars14 May 2026
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakers7 May 2026
- 2026LiveGesture Streamable Co-Speech Gesture Generation Model13 Apr 2026
- 2026A Synchronized Audio-Visual Multi-View Capture System24 Mar 2026
- 2026MIBURI: Towards Expressive Interactive Gesture Synthesis3 Mar 2026
- 20263DGesPolicy: Phoneme-Aware Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation Based on Action Control26 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2026SmoothSync: Dual-Stream Diffusion Transformers for Jitter-Robust Beat-Synchronized Gesture Generation from Quantized Audio4 Jan 2026
- 2025ViBES: A Conversational Agent with Behaviorally-Intelligent 3D Virtual Body16 Dec 2025
- 2025Towards Unified Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Hierarchical Implicit Periodicity Learning15 Dec 2025
- 2025InteracTalker: Prompt-Based Human-Object Interaction with Co-Speech Gesture Generation14 Dec 2025
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrieval2 Dec 2025
- 2025fMRI2GES: Co-speech Gesture Reconstruction from fMRI Signal with Dual Brain Decoding Alignment1 Dec 2025
- 2025Mitigating Error Accumulation in Co-Speech Motion Generation via Global Rotation Diffusion and Multi-Level Constraints13 Nov 2025
- 2025ImaGGen: Zero-Shot Generation of Co-Speech Semantic Gestures Grounded in Language and Image Input20 Oct 2025
- 2025MimicParts: Part-aware Style Injection for Speech-Driven 3D Motion Generation15 Oct 2025
- 2025Social Agent: Mastering Dyadic Nonverbal Behavior Generation via Conversational LLM Agents6 Oct 2025
- 2025PP-Motion: Physical-Perceptual Fidelity Evaluation for Human Motion Generation11 Aug 2025
- 2025Motion-example-controlled Co-speech Gesture Generation Leveraging Large Language Models27 Jul 2025
- 2025Intentional Gesture: Deliver Your Intentions with Gestures for Speech21 May 2025
- 2025AsynFusion: Towards Asynchronous Latent Consistency Models for Decoupled Whole-Body Audio-Driven Avatars21 May 2025
- 2025M3G: Multi-Granular Gesture Generator for Audio-Driven Full-Body Human Motion Synthesis13 May 2025
- 2025Inter-Diffusion Generation Model of Speakers and Listeners for Effective Communication8 May 2025
- 2025OT-Talk: Animating 3D Talking Head with Optimal Transportation3 May 2025
- 2025Co3Gesture: Towards Coherent Concurrent Co-speech 3D Gesture Generation with Interactive Diffusion3 May 2025
- 2025EchoMask: Speech-Queried Attention-based Mask Modeling for Holistic Co-Speech Motion Generation12 Apr 2025
- 2025ReCoM: Realistic Co-Speech Motion Generation with Recurrent Embedded Transformer27 Mar 2025
- 2025DIDiffGes: Decoupled Semi-Implicit Diffusion Models for Real-time Gesture Generation from Speech21 Mar 2025
- 2025MAG: Multi-Modal Aligned Autoregressive Co-Speech Gesture Generation without Vector Quantization18 Mar 2025
- 2025Streaming Generation of Co-Speech Gestures via Accelerated Rolling Diffusion13 Mar 2025
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformers13 Mar 2025
- 2025ExGes: Expressive Human Motion Retrieval and Modulation for Audio-Driven Gesture Synthesis9 Mar 2025
- 2025GestureLSM: Latent Shortcut based Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Spatial-Temporal Modeling31 Jan 2025
- 2024SemTalk: Holistic Co-speech Motion Generation with Frame-level Semantic Emphasis21 Dec 2024
- 2024Joint Co-Speech Gesture and Expressive Talking Face Generation using Diffusion with Adapters18 Dec 2024
- 2024The Language of Motion: Unifying Verbal and Non-verbal Language of 3D Human Motion13 Dec 2024
- 2024Retrieving Semantics from the Deep: an RAG Solution for Gesture Synthesis9 Dec 2024
- 2024Multi-Resolution Generative Modeling of Human Motion from Limited Data25 Nov 2024
- 2024Mitigation of gender bias in automatic facial non-verbal behaviors generation9 Oct 2024
- 2024LLM Gesticulator: Leveraging Large Language Models for Scalable and Controllable Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis6 Oct 2024
- 2024Enabling Synergistic Full-Body Control in Prompt-Based Co-Speech Motion Generation1 Oct 2024
- 20242D or not 2D: How Does the Dimensionality of Gesture Representation Affect 3D Co-Speech Gesture Generation?16 Sep 2024
- 2024KMTalk: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Key Motion Embedding2 Sep 2024
- 2024T3M: Text Guided 3D Human Motion Synthesis from Speech23 Aug 2024
- 2024Combo: Co-speech holistic 3D human motion generation and efficient customizable adaptation in harmony18 Aug 2024
50 newest of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2022Listen, Denoise, Action! Audio-Driven Motion Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 188
- 2023GestureDiffuCLIP: Gesture Diffusion Model with CLIP Latentscited by 156
- 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 128
- 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 126
- 2023DiffuseStyleGesture: Stylized Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 85
- 2025GestureLSM: Latent Shortcut based Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Spatial-Temporal Modelingcited by 43
- 2023Emotional Speech-driven 3D Body Animation via Disentangled Latent Diffusioncited by 39
- 2023EMoG: Synthesizing Emotive Co-speech 3D Gesture with Diffusion Modelcited by 15
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletonscited by 15
- 2023Bipartite Graph Diffusion Model for Human Interaction Generationcited by 11
- 2024MMoFusion: Multi-modal Co-Speech Motion Generation with Diffusion Modelcited by 5
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformerscited by 3
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 20263DGesPolicy: Phoneme-Aware Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation Based on Action Control26 Jan 2026
- 2026SmoothSync: Dual-Stream Diffusion Transformers for Jitter-Robust Beat-Synchronized Gesture Generation from Quantized Audio4 Jan 2026
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrieval2 Dec 2025
- 2025AsynFusion: Towards Asynchronous Latent Consistency Models for Decoupled Whole-Body Audio-Driven Avatars21 May 2025
- 2025DIDiffGes: Decoupled Semi-Implicit Diffusion Models for Real-time Gesture Generation from Speech21 Mar 2025
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformers13 Mar 2025
- 2025GestureLSM: Latent Shortcut based Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Spatial-Temporal Modeling31 Jan 2025
- 2024CoCoGesture: Toward Coherent Co-speech 3D Gesture Generation in the Wild27 May 2024
- 2024MMoFusion: Multi-modal Co-Speech Motion Generation with Diffusion Model5 Mar 2024
- 2023Emotional Speech-driven 3D Body Animation via Disentangled Latent Diffusion7 Dec 2023
- 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computing11 Oct 2023
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletons13 Sep 2023
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
- 2021FaceFormer: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Transformerscited by 208
- 2023CodeTalker: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Discrete Motion Priorcited by 183
- 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
- 2022BEAT: A Large-Scale Semantic and Emotional Multi-Modal Dataset for Conversational Gestures Synthesiscited by 177
- 2022IMos: Intent-Driven Full-Body Motion Synthesis for Human-Object Interactionscited by 121
- 2022Learning Hierarchical Cross-Modal Association for Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 106
- 2023HumanTOMATO: Text-aligned Whole-body Motion Generationcited by 103
- 2023EMAGE: Towards Unified Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Expressive Masked Audio Gesture Modelingcited by 101
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 66
- 2024DiffSHEG: A Diffusion-Based Approach for Real-Time Speech-driven Holistic 3D Expression and Gesture Generationcited by 61
12 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2026SocialHumanoid: Towards Expressive Humanoid Behavior via One-Step Co-Speech Motion Generation27 Sep 2026
- 2026LLM-Based Selection of Incongruent Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior for Virtual Humans24 Aug 2026
- 2026StreamTalk: Streaming Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Key-Pose Anchoring3 Aug 2026
- 2026Super Star: Towards Streaming Real-time Interactive Agents for Digital Humans22 Jul 2026
- 2026DyaPlex: Full-Duplex Speech-Motion Model for Dyadic Interaction2 Jun 2026
- 2026EchoAvatar: Real-time Generative Avatar Animation from Audio Streams27 May 2026
- 2026UMo: Unified Sparse Motion Modeling for Real-Time Co-Speech Avatars14 May 2026
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakers7 May 2026
- 2026LiveGesture Streamable Co-Speech Gesture Generation Model13 Apr 2026
- 2026A Synchronized Audio-Visual Multi-View Capture System24 Mar 2026
- 2026MIBURI: Towards Expressive Interactive Gesture Synthesis3 Mar 2026
- 2025Towards Unified Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Hierarchical Implicit Periodicity Learning15 Dec 2025
12 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)