mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes

arXiv 1312.6114 ↗First posted 20 Dec 2013stat.ML cs.LGcited by 4,053

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 433 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

How can we perform efficient inference and learning in directed probabilistic models, in the presence of continuous latent variables with intractable posterior distributions, and large datasets? We introduce a stochastic variational inference and learning algorithm that scales to large datasets and, under some mild differentiability conditions, even works in the intractable case. Our contributions are two-fold. First, we show that a reparameterization of the variational lower bound yields a lower bound estimator that can be straightforwardly optimized using standard stochastic gradient methods. Second, we show that for i.i.d. datasets with continuous latent variables per datapoint, posterior inference can be made especially efficient by fitting an approximate inference model (also called a recognition model) to the intractable posterior using the proposed lower bound estimator. Theoretical advantages are reflected in experimental results.

Key facts. Cited by 4,053 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2013.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2018: 4; 2019: 10; 2020: 16; 2021: 1281; 2022: 1090; 2023: 724; 2024: 419; 2025: 237; 2026: 272.

4,053 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
  3. 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,288
  4. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,761
  5. 2025Wan: Open and Advanced Large-Scale Video Generative Modelscited by 2,708
  6. 2021BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image Transformerscited by 2,375
  7. 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Stepscited by 1,979
  8. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,719
  9. 2021Image Super-Resolution via Iterative Refinementcited by 1,511
  10. 2020DiffWave: A Versatile Diffusion Model for Audio Synthesiscited by 1,354
  11. 2023T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,351
  12. 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,300
38 more
  1. 2021Geometric Deep Learning: Grids, Groups, Graphs, Geodesics, and Gaugescited by 1,167
  2. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,163
  3. 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,153
  4. 2021SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modelingcited by 1,153
  5. 2022Diffusion Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods and Applicationscited by 1,114
  6. 2022Diffusion-LM Improves Controllable Text Generationcited by 1,027
  7. 2021Transformers in Vision: A Surveycited by 1,013
  8. 2025Cosmos World Foundation Model Platform for Physical AIcited by 864
  9. 2021Generalizing to Unseen Domains: A Survey on Domain Generalizationcited by 766
  10. 2021What Matters in Learning from Offline Human Demonstrations for Robot Manipulationcited by 725
  11. 2021CogView: Mastering Text-to-Image Generation via Transformerscited by 694
  12. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 684
  13. 2021Maximum Likelihood Training of Score-Based Diffusion Modelscited by 672
  14. 2021VideoGPT: Video Generation using VQ-VAE and Transformerscited by 658
  15. 2021DiffusionCLIP: Text-Guided Diffusion Models for Robust Image Manipulationcited by 642
  16. 2021Score-based Generative Modeling in Latent Spacecited by 636
  17. 2022Zero-Shot Image Restoration Using Denoising Diffusion Null-Space Modelcited by 583
  18. 2021Argmax Flows and Multinomial Diffusion: Learning Categorical Distributionscited by 574
  19. 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 516
  20. 2022GeoDiff: a Geometric Diffusion Model for Molecular Conformation Generationcited by 516
  21. 2022Transformers in Time Series: A Surveycited by 497
  22. 2022TEMOS: Generating diverse human motions from textual descriptionscited by 492
  23. 2022Make-A-Scene: Scene-Based Text-to-Image Generation with Human Priorscited by 487
  24. 2021ReAct: Out-of-distribution Detection With Rectified Activationscited by 486
  25. 2021Putting NeRF on a Diet: Semantically Consistent Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 464
  26. 2023VideoComposer: Compositional Video Synthesis with Motion Controllabilitycited by 464
  27. 2022DiffuSeq: Sequence to Sequence Text Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 450
  28. 2021Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 383
  29. 2022SadTalker: Learning Realistic 3D Motion Coefficients for Stylized Audio-Driven Single Image Talking Face Animationcited by 382
  30. 2023Instant3D: Fast Text-to-3D with Sparse-View Generation and Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 378
  31. 2022Analog Bits: Generating Discrete Data using Diffusion Models with Self-Conditioningcited by 373
  32. 2021GAN Inversion: A Surveycited by 367
  33. 2021Interpretable Machine Learning: Fundamental Principles and 10 Grand Challengescited by 367
  34. 2021Dataset Condensation with Distribution Matchingcited by 365
  35. 2023The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forgetcited by 356
  36. 2021Random Feature Attentioncited by 354
  37. 2023I2VGen-XL: High-Quality Image-to-Video Synthesis via Cascaded Diffusion Modelscited by 350
  38. 2021Knowledge Distillation in Iterative Generative Models for Improved Sampling Speedcited by 348

50 most cited of 4,053 All 4,053 (JSON)