Coarse-to-fine Animal Pose and Shape Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Most existing animal pose and shape estimation approaches reconstruct animal meshes with a parametric SMAL model. This is because the low-dimensional pose and shape parameters of the SMAL model makes it easier for deep networks to learn the high-dimensional animal meshes. However, the SMAL model is learned from scans of toy animals with limited pose and shape variations, and thus may not be able to represent highly varying real animals well. This may result in poor fittings of the estimated meshes to the 2D evidences, e.g. 2D keypoints or silhouettes. To mitigate this problem, we propose a coarse-to-fine approach to reconstruct 3D animal mesh from a single image. The coarse estimation stage first estimates the pose, shape and translation parameters of the SMAL model. The estimated meshes are then used as a starting point by a graph convolutional network (GCN) to predict a per-vertex deformation in the refinement stage. This combination of SMAL-based and vertex-based representations benefits from both parametric and non-parametric representations. We design our mesh refinement GCN (MRGCN) as an encoder-decoder structure with hierarchical feature representations to overcome the limited receptive field of traditional GCNs. Moreover, we observe that the global image feature used by existing animal mesh reconstruction works is unable to capture detailed shape information for mesh refinement. We thus introduce a local feature extractor to retrieve a vertex-level feature and use it together with the global feature as the input of the MRGCN. We test our approach on the StanfordExtra dataset and achieve state-of-the-art results. Furthermore, we test the generalization capacity of our approach on the Animal Pose and BADJA datasets. Our code is available at the project website.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Nov 2021.
Builds on
31 of 35 references.
References · 31
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,361
- 2016Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimationcited by 915
- 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
- 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
- 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
- 2018Pixel2Mesh: Generating 3D Mesh Models from Single RGB Imagescited by 651
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 627
- 2019DISN: Deep Implicit Surface Network for High-quality Single-view 3D Reconstructioncited by 333
- 2018Learning Category-Specific Mesh Reconstruction from Image Collectionscited by 317
- 20163D Menagerie: Modeling the 3D shape and pose of animalscited by 312
- 2019Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 270
19 more
- 2018Generating 3D faces using Convolutional Mesh Autoencoderscited by 268
- 2020Pose2Mesh: Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Human Pose and Mesh Recovery from a 2D Human Posecited by 248
- 2017Tversky loss function for image segmentation using 3D fully convolutional deep networkscited by 228
- 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
- 2017Unite the People: Closing the Loop Between 3D and 2D Human Representationscited by 205
- 2018Neural Body Fitting: Unifying Deep Learning and Model-Based Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 185
- 2018BodyNet: Volumetric Inference of 3D Human Body Shapescited by 141
- 2019Cross-Domain Adaptation for Animal Pose Estimationcited by 108
- 2019Three-D Safari: Learning to Estimate Zebra Pose, Shape, and Texture from Images "In the Wild"cited by 106
- 2019DenseRaC: Joint 3D Pose and Shape Estimation by Dense Render-and-Comparecited by 100
- 2017Towards Accurate Markerless Human Shape and Pose Estimation over Timecited by 92
- 2018Creatures great and SMAL: Recovering the shape and motion of animals from videocited by 84
- 2020Who Left the Dogs Out? 3D Animal Reconstruction with Expectation Maximization in the Loopcited by 81
- 2019Moulding Humans: Non-parametric 3D Human Shape Estimation from Single Imagescited by 67
- 20203D Human Mesh Regression with Dense Correspondencecited by 66
- 20203D Multi-bodies: Fitting Sets of Plausible 3D Human Models to Ambiguous Image Datacited by 50
- 2020Self-Supervised 3D Human Pose Estimation via Part Guided Novel Image Synthesiscited by 44
- 2021Probabilistic 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation from Multiple Unconstrained Images in the Wildcited by 40
- 2020RGBD-Dog: Predicting Canine Pose from RGBD Sensorscited by 35
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
16 papers.
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- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2024Animal Avatars: Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Casual Videoscited by 26
- 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformercited by 20
- 2023ScarceNet: Animal Pose Estimation with Scarce Annotationscited by 13
- 2024PIG: Physics-Informed Gaussians as Adaptive Parametric Mesh Representationscited by 11
- 2025Web-Scale Collection of Video Data for 4D Animal Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2025AniMer+: Unified Pose and Shape Estimation Across Mammalia and Aves via Family-Aware Transformercited by 7
- 20254D-Animal: Freely Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Videoscited by 6
- 2023The Drunkard's Odometry: Estimating Camera Motion in Deforming Scenescited by 5
- 2023Overcoming the Trade-off Between Accuracy and Plausibility in 3D Hand Shape Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2025DogMo: A Large-Scale Multi-View RGB-D Dataset for 4D Canine Motion Recoverycited by 4
- 2024Towards Multi-Modal Animal Pose Estimation: A Survey and In-Depth Analysiscited by 2
4 more
- 2025Advances and Trends in the 3D Reconstruction of the Shape and Motion of Animalscited by 2
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptationcited by 1
- 2026BEAST3D: Animal behavioral analysis and neural encoding from multi-view video via Gaussian splattingcited by 1
- 2026Kirin: Animal Motion Generation from In-the-Wild Videocited by 1
- 2026Kirin: Animal Motion Generation from In-the-Wild Video1 Sep 2026
- 2026BEAST3D: Animal behavioral analysis and neural encoding from multi-view video via Gaussian splatting1 Jun 2026
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptation1 Jun 2026
- 2025Web-Scale Collection of Video Data for 4D Animal Reconstruction3 Nov 2025
- 2025DogMo: A Large-Scale Multi-View RGB-D Dataset for 4D Canine Motion Recovery28 Oct 2025
- 2025Advances and Trends in the 3D Reconstruction of the Shape and Motion of Animals22 Aug 2025
- 2025AniMer+: Unified Pose and Shape Estimation Across Mammalia and Aves via Family-Aware Transformer1 Aug 2025
- 20254D-Animal: Freely Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Videos14 Jul 2025
- 2024PIG: Physics-Informed Gaussians as Adaptive Parametric Mesh Representations8 Dec 2024
- 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformer1 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Multi-Modal Animal Pose Estimation: A Survey and In-Depth Analysis12 Oct 2024
- 2024Animal Avatars: Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Casual Videos25 Mar 2024
4 more
- 2023The Drunkard's Odometry: Estimating Camera Motion in Deforming Scenes29 Jun 2023
- 2023Overcoming the Trade-off Between Accuracy and Plausibility in 3D Hand Shape Reconstruction1 May 2023
- 2023ScarceNet: Animal Pose Estimation with Scarce Annotations27 Mar 2023
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstruction27 Oct 2022
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2024Animal Avatars: Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Casual Videoscited by 26
- 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformercited by 20
- 2023ScarceNet: Animal Pose Estimation with Scarce Annotationscited by 13
- 2024PIG: Physics-Informed Gaussians as Adaptive Parametric Mesh Representationscited by 11
- 2025Web-Scale Collection of Video Data for 4D Animal Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2025AniMer+: Unified Pose and Shape Estimation Across Mammalia and Aves via Family-Aware Transformercited by 7
- 20254D-Animal: Freely Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Videoscited by 6
- 2023The Drunkard's Odometry: Estimating Camera Motion in Deforming Scenescited by 5
- 2023Overcoming the Trade-off Between Accuracy and Plausibility in 3D Hand Shape Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2025DogMo: A Large-Scale Multi-View RGB-D Dataset for 4D Canine Motion Recoverycited by 4
- 2024Towards Multi-Modal Animal Pose Estimation: A Survey and In-Depth Analysiscited by 2
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026Kirin: Animal Motion Generation from In-the-Wild Video1 Sep 2026
- 2026BEAST3D: Animal behavioral analysis and neural encoding from multi-view video via Gaussian splatting1 Jun 2026
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptation1 Jun 2026
- 2025Web-Scale Collection of Video Data for 4D Animal Reconstruction3 Nov 2025
- 2025DogMo: A Large-Scale Multi-View RGB-D Dataset for 4D Canine Motion Recovery28 Oct 2025
- 2025Advances and Trends in the 3D Reconstruction of the Shape and Motion of Animals22 Aug 2025
- 2025AniMer+: Unified Pose and Shape Estimation Across Mammalia and Aves via Family-Aware Transformer1 Aug 2025
- 20254D-Animal: Freely Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Videos14 Jul 2025
- 2024PIG: Physics-Informed Gaussians as Adaptive Parametric Mesh Representations8 Dec 2024
- 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformer1 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Multi-Modal Animal Pose Estimation: A Survey and In-Depth Analysis12 Oct 2024
- 2024Animal Avatars: Reconstructing Animatable 3D Animals from Casual Videos25 Mar 2024
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)