mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Implicit Diffusion Models for Continuous Super-Resolution

arXiv 2303.16491 ↗First posted 29 Mar 2023cs.CVcited by 216

On the map: Diffusion models → Inverse problems and image restoration

Abstract (arXiv)

Image super-resolution (SR) has attracted increasing attention due to its wide applications. However, current SR methods generally suffer from over-smoothing and artifacts, and most work only with fixed magnifications. This paper introduces an Implicit Diffusion Model (IDM) for high-fidelity continuous image super-resolution. IDM integrates an implicit neural representation and a denoising diffusion model in a unified end-to-end framework, where the implicit neural representation is adopted in the decoding process to learn continuous-resolution representation. Furthermore, we design a scale-controllable conditioning mechanism that consists of a low-resolution (LR) conditioning network and a scaling factor. The scaling factor regulates the resolution and accordingly modulates the proportion of the LR information and generated features in the final output, which enables the model to accommodate the continuous-resolution requirement. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of our IDM and demonstrate its superior performance over prior arts.

Key facts. Cited by 216 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Inverse problems and image restoration, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 67 of its 88 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2023.

Builds on

67 of 88 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2021SRDiff: Single Image Super-Resolution with Diffusion Probabilistic Models30 Apr

Other references · 66

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  4. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  5. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  6. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  7. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  8. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  9. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  10. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  11. 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,451
  12. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
38 more
  1. 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
  2. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  3. 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
  4. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  5. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
  6. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,682
  7. 2020Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functionscited by 2,214
  8. 2020Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domainscited by 2,170
  9. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,037
  10. 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Stepscited by 1,961
  11. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  12. 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,898
  13. 2021SwinIR: Image Restoration Using Swin Transformercited by 1,869
  14. 2016WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audiocited by 1,710
  15. 2017Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1,543
  16. 2021Image Super-Resolution via Iterative Refinementcited by 1,506
  17. 2019Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2cited by 1,376
  18. 2015LSUN: Construction of a Large-scale Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loopcited by 1,350
  19. 2018On the Spectral Bias of Neural Networkscited by 1,321
  20. 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,296
  21. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creationcited by 1,285
  22. 2018ESRGAN: Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,250
  23. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,155
  24. 2014NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimationcited by 1,052
  25. 2022Tune-A-Video: One-Shot Tuning of Image Diffusion Models for Text-to-Video Generationcited by 958
  26. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  27. 2016Conditional Image Generation with PixelCNN Decoderscited by 859
  28. 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
  29. 2020GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fieldscited by 784
  30. 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
  31. 2020NVAE: A Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencodercited by 635
  32. 2020WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generationcited by 620
  33. 2020Up or Down? Adaptive Rounding for Post-Training Quantizationcited by 600
  34. 2020Learning Continuous Image Representation with Local Implicit Image Functioncited by 550
  35. 2023Zero-shot Image-to-Image Translationcited by 503
  36. 2021Label-Efficient Semantic Segmentation with Diffusion Modelscited by 495
  37. 2020PULSE: Self-Supervised Photo Upsampling via Latent Space Exploration of Generative Modelscited by 358
  38. 2021Towards Real-World Blind Face Restoration with Generative Facial Priorcited by 347

50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 31; 2024: 89; 2025: 63; 2026: 33.

216 papers.

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  1. 2024Diffusion Model-Based Image Editing: A Surveycited by 212
  2. 2023SyncDiffusion: Coherent Montage via Synchronized Joint Diffusionscited by 108
  3. 2023Diffusion Models for Image Restoration and Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 108
  4. 2023AutoDIR: Automatic All-in-One Image Restoration with Latent Diffusioncited by 98
  5. 2024Understanding Hallucinations in Diffusion Models through Mode Interpolationcited by 87
  6. 2024Diffusion Models in Low-Level Vision: A Surveycited by 73
  7. 2024LightenDiffusion: Unsupervised Low-Light Image Enhancement with Latent-Retinex Diffusion Modelscited by 70
  8. 2023ConsistNet: Enforcing 3D Consistency for Multi-view Images Diffusioncited by 65
  9. 2024Degradation-Guided One-Step Image Super-Resolution with Diffusion Priorscited by 64
  10. 2023ZONE: Zero-Shot Instruction-Guided Local Editingcited by 61
  11. 2024DMPlug: A Plug-in Method for Solving Inverse Problems with Diffusion Modelscited by 60
  12. 2023Face Animation with an Attribute-Guided Diffusion Modelcited by 48
38 more
  1. 2024EditWorld: Simulating World Dynamics for Instruction-Following Image Editingcited by 37
  2. 2024DiffuseHigh: Training-free Progressive High-Resolution Image Synthesis through Structure Guidancecited by 33
  3. 2024DiffAM: Diffusion-based Adversarial Makeup Transfer for Facial Privacy Protectioncited by 31
  4. 2025Region-Adaptive Sampling for Diffusion Transformerscited by 31
  5. 2023Controllable Mind Visual Diffusion Modelcited by 29
  6. 2024Score Distillation Sampling with Learned Manifold Correctivecited by 27
  7. 2024SRGS: Super-Resolution 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
  8. 2024Arbitrary-Scale Image Generation and Upsampling using Latent Diffusion Model and Implicit Neural Decodercited by 25
  9. 2024CrossViewDiff: A Cross-View Diffusion Model for Satellite-to-Street View Synthesiscited by 23
  10. 2023GCD-DDPM: A Generative Change Detection Model Based on Difference-Feature Guided DDPMcited by 21
  11. 2024Latent Modulated Function for Computational Optimal Continuous Image Representationcited by 21
  12. 2024HSIGene: A Foundation Model For Hyperspectral Image Generationcited by 21
  13. 2024Degradation-Aware Residual-Conditioned Optimal Transport for Unified Image Restorationcited by 21
  14. 2023ID-Blau: Image Deblurring by Implicit Diffusion-based reBLurring AUgmentationcited by 20
  15. 2024Building Bridges across Spatial and Temporal Resolutions: Reference-Based Super-Resolution via Change Priors and Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 20
  16. 2023Survey on Deep Face Restoration: From Non-blind to Blind and Beyondcited by 18
  17. 2023AdaDiff: Adaptive Step Selection for Fast Diffusion Modelscited by 18
  18. 2023Enhancing Perceptual Quality in Video Super-Resolution through Temporally-Consistent Detail Synthesis using Diffusion Modelscited by 18
  19. 2023MaskDiffusion: Boosting Text-to-Image Consistency with Conditional Maskcited by 17
  20. 2024MTKD: Multi-Teacher Knowledge Distillation for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 17
  21. 2024Generative AI Enables EEG Super-Resolution via Spatio-Temporal Adaptive Diffusion Learningcited by 17
  22. 2024HIIF: Hierarchical Encoding based Implicit Image Function for Continuous Super-resolutioncited by 17
  23. 2024Training Generative Image Super-Resolution Models by Wavelet-Domain Losses Enables Better Control of Artifactscited by 16
  24. 2025Cached Adaptive Token Merging: Dynamic Token Reduction and Redundant Computation Elimination in Diffusion Modelcited by 16
  25. 2025Whitened CLIP as a Likelihood Surrogate of Images and Captionscited by 16
  26. 2024SSDiff: Spatial-spectral Integrated Diffusion Model for Remote Sensing Pansharpeningcited by 15
  27. 2024RecDiffusion: Rectangling for Image Stitching with Diffusion Modelscited by 14
  28. 2024Sharing Key Semantics in Transformer Makes Efficient Image Restorationcited by 14
  29. 2024UltrAvatar: A Realistic Animatable 3D Avatar Diffusion Model with Authenticity Guided Texturescited by 13
  30. 2024Residual-Conditioned Optimal Transport: Towards Structure-Preserving Unpaired and Paired Image Restorationcited by 13
  31. 2024Image Neural Field Diffusion Modelscited by 13
  32. 2024DiffFNO: Diffusion Fourier Neural Operatorcited by 13
  33. 2025CacheQuant: Comprehensively Accelerated Diffusion Modelscited by 13
  34. 2023DREAM: Diffusion Rectification and Estimation-Adaptive Modelscited by 12
  35. 2024Invertible Diffusion Models for Compressed Sensingcited by 12
  36. 2025Effective Cloud Removal for Remote Sensing Images by an Improved Mean-Reverting Denoising Model with Elucidated Design Spacecited by 12
  37. 2023Squeezing Large-Scale Diffusion Models for Mobilecited by 11
  38. 2023IPDreamer: Appearance-Controllable 3D Object Generation with Complex Image Promptscited by 11

50 most cited of 216 All 216 (JSON)

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  1. 2024You Only Need One Step: Fast Super-Resolution with Stable Diffusion via Scale Distillation
  2. 2023ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolution
  3. 2023SinSR: Diffusion-Based Image Super-Resolution in a Single Step
  4. 2023Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Real-World Image Super-Resolution
  5. 2025One-Step Residual Shifting Diffusion for Image Super-Resolution via Distillation
  6. 2025Realism Control One-step Diffusion for Real-World Image Super-Resolution
  7. 2024Effective Diffusion Transformer Architecture for Image Super-Resolution
  8. 2026TEASR: Training-Efficient Any-Step Diffusion Transformer for Real-World Image Super-Resolution