SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D multi-object tracking (MOT) has witnessed numerous novel benchmarks and approaches in recent years, especially those under the "tracking-by-detection" paradigm. Despite their progress and usefulness, an in-depth analysis of their strengths and weaknesses is not yet available. In this paper, we summarize current 3D MOT methods into a unified framework by decomposing them into four constituent parts: pre-processing of detection, association, motion model, and life cycle management. We then ascribe the failure cases of existing algorithms to each component and investigate them in detail. Based on the analyses, we propose corresponding improvements which lead to a strong yet simple baseline: SimpleTrack. Comprehensive experimental results on Waymo Open Dataset and nuScenes demonstrate that our final method could achieve new state-of-the-art results with minor modifications. Furthermore, we take additional steps and rethink whether current benchmarks authentically reflect the ability of algorithms for real-world challenges. We delve into the details of existing benchmarks and find some intriguing facts. Finally, we analyze the distribution and causes of remaining failures in name and propose future directions for 3D MOT. Our code is available at https://github.com/TuSimple/SimpleTrack.
Key facts. Cited by 102 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Nov 2021.
Builds on
29 of 52 references.
References · 29
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
- 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
- 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
- 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2020FairMOT: On the Fairness of Detection and Re-Identification in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 489
- 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
- 2020Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 220
- 2019Learning a Neural Solver for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 198
- 2021Offboard 3D Object Detection from Point Cloud Sequencescited by 144
- 2020GNN3DMOT: Graph Neural Network for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Multi-Feature Learningcited by 113
17 more
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2016Learning by tracking: Siamese CNN for robust target associationcited by 79
- 2017Tracking The Untrackable: Learning To Track Multiple Cues with Long-Term Dependenciescited by 76
- 2020Probabilistic 3D Multi-Modal, Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 73
- 2019How To Train Your Deep Multi-Object Trackercited by 71
- 2020RetinaTrack: Online Single Stage Joint Detection and Trackingcited by 67
- 2020Probabilistic 3D Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 64
- 2020Lifted Disjoint Paths with Application in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 55
- 2021Learnable Graph Matching: Incorporating Graph Partitioning with Deep Feature Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 47
- 2021Auto4D: Learning to Label 4D Objects from Sequential Point Cloudscited by 42
- 2021Learnable Online Graph Representations for 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 38
- 2021Score refinement for confidence-based 3D multi-object trackingcited by 32
- 2019FANTrack: 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Feature Association Networkcited by 28
- 2021Model-free Vehicle Tracking and State Estimation in Point Cloud Sequencescited by 25
- 2016Multi-Person Tracking by Multicut and Deep Matchingcited by 23
- 2020Factor Graph based 3D Multi-Object Tracking in Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2020Enhancing the Association in Multi-Object Tracking via Neighbor Graphcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 13; 2023: 29; 2024: 28; 2025: 19; 2026: 12.
102 papers.
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- 2023Exploring Object-Centric Temporal Modeling for Efficient Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 313
- 2023VoxelNeXt: Fully Sparse VoxelNet for 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 221
- 2022ViP3D: End-to-end Visual Trajectory Prediction via 3D Agent Queriescited by 116
- 2023Visual Point Cloud Forecasting enables Scalable Autonomous Drivingcited by 97
- 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
- 2023FocalFormer3D : Focusing on Hard Instance for 3D Object Detectioncited by 58
- 2023Standing Between Past and Future: Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 54
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 2024SparseAD: Sparse Query-Centric Paradigm for Efficient End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 46
- 2021Immortal Tracker: Tracklet Never Diescited by 42
- 2023GeoMAE: Masked Geometric Target Prediction for Self-supervised Point Cloud Pre-Trainingcited by 38
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
38 more
- 2024ADA-Track++: End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Alternating Detection and Associationcited by 33
- 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
- 2023DetZero: Rethinking Offboard 3D Object Detection with Long-term Sequential Point Cloudscited by 31
- 2023Once Detected, Never Lost: Surpassing Human Performance in Offline LiDAR based 3D Object Detectioncited by 28
- 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 27
- 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTMcited by 26
- 2023On Efficient Training of Large-Scale Deep Learning Models: A Literature Reviewcited by 26
- 2024SceneTracker: Long-term Scene Flow Estimation Networkcited by 25
- 2024DVIS-DAQ: Improving Video Segmentation via Dynamic Anchor Queriescited by 22
- 20233DMOTFormer: Graph Transformer for Online 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 2023RaTrack: Moving Object Detection and Tracking with 4D Radar Point Cloudcited by 21
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 20
- 2023MotionTrack: End-to-End Transformer-based Multi-Object Tracing with LiDAR-Camera Fusioncited by 19
- 2022Quality Matters: Embracing Quality Clues for Robust 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 17
- 2024MCTrack: A Unified 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2022GNN-PMB: A Simple but Effective Online 3D Multi-Object Tracker without Bells and Whistlescited by 15
- 2023Living Scenes: Multi-object Relocalization and Reconstruction in Changing 3D Environmentscited by 15
- 2023TrajectoryFormer: 3D Object Tracking Transformer with Predictive Trajectory Hypothesescited by 14
- 2023MS3D++: Ensemble of Experts for Multi-Source Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2024MSSF: A 4D Radar and Camera Fusion Framework With Multi-Stage Sampling for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
- 2023MS3D: Leveraging Multiple Detectors for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in 3D Object Detectioncited by 12
- 2023S.T.A.R.-Track: Latent Motion Models for End-to-End 3D Object Tracking with Adaptive Spatio-Temporal Appearance Representationscited by 12
- 2025CoopTrack: Exploring End-to-End Learning for Efficient Cooperative Sequential Perceptioncited by 12
- 2022IDD-3D: Indian Driving Dataset for 3D Unstructured Road Scenescited by 11
- 2022Neural Enhanced Belief Propagation for Multiobject Trackingcited by 11
- 2023DORT: Modeling Dynamic Objects in Recurrent for Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 11
- 2024Fast-Poly: A Fast Polyhedral Framework For 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2022SpOT: Spatiotemporal Modeling for 3D Object Trackingcited by 10
- 2022Minkowski Tracker: A Sparse Spatio-Temporal R-CNN for Joint Object Detection and Trackingcited by 9
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2023CenterRadarNet: Joint 3D Object Detection and Tracking Framework using 4D FMCW Radarcited by 9
- 2024RobMOT: Robust 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Observational Noise and State Estimation Drift Mitigation on LiDAR PointCloudcited by 9
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2023An Efficient Semi-Automated Scheme for Infrastructure LiDAR Annotationcited by 7
- 2023Offline Tracking with Object Permanencecited by 7
- 2024Towards Stable 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2022DirectTracker: 3D Multi-Object Tracking Using Direct Image Alignment and Photometric Bundle Adjustmentcited by 6
50 most cited of 102 All 102 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Leaderboard Scores: A Deployment-Focused Protocol for Interpretable Tracking Evaluation in Pedestrian-Centric Environments1 Oct 2026
- 2026Do Spinning Radar Doppler Velocity Measurements Improve Vehicle Detection and Tracking?17 Sep 2026
- 2026RESOLVE: A Multi-Resolution and Multi-Modal Dataset for Roadside Cooperative Perception30 Jun 2026
- 2026Information Coordination as a Bridge: A Neuro-Symbolic Architecture for Reliable Autonomous Driving Scene Understanding6 May 2026
- 2026GateMOT: Q-Gated Attention for Dense Object Tracking29 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Informed 3D Multi-Object Tracking under Adverse Conditions15 Apr 2026
- 2026SynFlow: Scaling Up LiDAR Scene Flow Estimation with Synthetic Data10 Apr 2026
- 2026Sparse3DTrack: Monocular 3D Object Tracking Using Sparse Supervision18 Mar 2026
- 2026Fusion-Poly: A Polyhedral Framework Based on Spatial-Temporal Fusion for 3D Multi-Object Tracking9 Mar 2026
- 2026Person Detection and Tracking from an Overhead Crane LiDAR5 Mar 2026
- 2026SCATR: Mitigating New Instance Suppression in LiDAR-based Tracking-by-Attention via Second Chance Assignment and Track Query Dropout2 Mar 2026
- 2026Offline-Poly: A Polyhedral Framework For Offline 3D Multi-Object Tracking14 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2025End-to-End 3-D Spatiotemporal Perception with Multimodal Fusion and V2X Collaboration26 Dec 2025
- 2025Training-Free Global Geometric Association for 4D LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation22 Dec 2025
- 2025LaGen: Towards Autoregressive LiDAR Scene Generation26 Nov 2025
- 2025FutrTrack: A Camera-LiDAR Fusion Transformer for 3D Multiple Object Tracking22 Oct 2025
- 2025Leveraging 2D Priors and SDF Guidance for Dynamic Urban Scene Rendering15 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Frame-wise Tracking: A Trajectory-based Paradigm for Efficient Point Cloud Tracking14 Sep 2025
- 2025CoopTrack: Exploring End-to-End Learning for Efficient Cooperative Sequential Perception25 Jul 2025
- 2025Radar Tracker: Moving Instance Tracking in Sparse and Noisy Radar Point Clouds4 Jul 2025
- 2025Bayesian Multiobject Tracking With Neural-Enhanced Motion and Measurement Models22 Jun 2025
- 2025HiLO: High-Level Object Fusion for Autonomous Driving using Transformers3 Jun 2025
- 2025LiDAR MOT-DETR: A LiDAR-based Two-Stage Transformer for 3D Multiple Object Tracking19 May 2025
- 2025Towards Accurate State Estimation: Motion Dynamics Kalman Filter for 3D Multi-Object Tracking12 May 2025
- 2025An Efficient LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Multi-Class 3D Dynamic Object Detection and Trajectory Prediction18 Apr 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Pre-training with Combined Datasets for 3D Perception in Autonomous Driving17 Apr 2025
- 2025OptiPMB: Enhancing 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Optimized Poisson Multi-Bernoulli Filtering17 Mar 2025
- 2025Easy-Poly: An Easy Polyhedral Framework For 3D Multi-Object Tracking25 Feb 2025
- 2025PFSD: A Multi-Modal Pedestrian-Focus Scene Dataset for Rich Tasks in Semi-Structured Environments21 Feb 2025
- 2025IMM-MOT: A Novel 3D Multi-object Tracking Framework with Interacting Multiple Model Filter13 Feb 2025
- 2025Bayesian Approximation-Based Trajectory Prediction and Tracking with 4D Radar3 Feb 2025
- 2024Test-time Correction: An Online 3D Detection System via Visual Prompting10 Dec 2024
- 2024Street Gaussians without 3D Object Tracker7 Dec 2024
- 2024MSSF: A 4D Radar and Camera Fusion Framework With Multi-Stage Sampling for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving22 Nov 2024
- 2024SynCL: A Synergistic Training Strategy with Instance-Aware Contrastive Learning for End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Tracking11 Nov 2024
- 2024ZOPP: A Framework of Zero-shot Offboard Panoptic Perception for Autonomous Driving8 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 2024MCTrack: A Unified 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework for Autonomous Driving23 Sep 2024
- 2024RockTrack: A 3D Robust Multi-Camera-Ken Multi-Object Tracking Framework18 Sep 2024
- 2024RegTrack: Simplicity Beneath Complexity in Robust Multi-Modal 3D Multi-Object Tracking1 Sep 2024
- 2024TeFF: Tracking-enhanced Forgetting-free Few-shot 3D LiDAR Semantic Segmentation28 Aug 2024
- 2024Spb3DTracker: A Robust LiDAR-Based Person Tracker for Noisy Environment12 Aug 2024
- 2024JDT3D: Addressing the Gaps in LiDAR-Based Tracking-by-Attention6 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Stable 3D Object Detection5 Jul 2024
- 2024Cyclic Refiner: Object-Aware Temporal Representation Learning for Multi-View 3D Detection and Tracking3 Jul 2024
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areas5 Jun 2024
- 2024S2-Track: A Simple yet Strong Approach for End-to-End 3D Multi-Object Tracking4 Jun 2024
- 2024Multi-Object Tracking based on Imaging Radar 3D Object Detection3 Jun 2024
- 2024RobMOT: Robust 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Observational Noise and State Estimation Drift Mitigation on LiDAR PointCloud19 May 2024
- 2024ADA-Track++: End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Alternating Detection and Association14 May 2024
50 newest of 102 All 102 (JSON)
- 2023Visual Point Cloud Forecasting enables Scalable Autonomous Drivingcited by 97
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
- 2025LaGen: Towards Autoregressive LiDAR Scene Generationcited by 0
- 2025LaGen: Towards Autoregressive LiDAR Scene Generation26 Nov 2025
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areas5 Jun 2024
- 2023Visual Point Cloud Forecasting enables Scalable Autonomous Driving29 Dec 2023
- 2023Exploring Object-Centric Temporal Modeling for Efficient Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 313
- 2023VoxelNeXt: Fully Sparse VoxelNet for 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 221
- 2022ViP3D: End-to-end Visual Trajectory Prediction via 3D Agent Queriescited by 116
- 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
- 2023FocalFormer3D : Focusing on Hard Instance for 3D Object Detectioncited by 58
- 2023Standing Between Past and Future: Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 54
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 2021Immortal Tracker: Tracklet Never Diescited by 42
- 2023GeoMAE: Masked Geometric Target Prediction for Self-supervised Point Cloud Pre-Trainingcited by 38
- 2024ADA-Track++: End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Alternating Detection and Associationcited by 33
- 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
- 2023DetZero: Rethinking Offboard 3D Object Detection with Long-term Sequential Point Cloudscited by 31
12 most cited of 96 All 96 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Leaderboard Scores: A Deployment-Focused Protocol for Interpretable Tracking Evaluation in Pedestrian-Centric Environments1 Oct 2026
- 2026Do Spinning Radar Doppler Velocity Measurements Improve Vehicle Detection and Tracking?17 Sep 2026
- 2026RESOLVE: A Multi-Resolution and Multi-Modal Dataset for Roadside Cooperative Perception30 Jun 2026
- 2026GateMOT: Q-Gated Attention for Dense Object Tracking29 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Informed 3D Multi-Object Tracking under Adverse Conditions15 Apr 2026
- 2026SynFlow: Scaling Up LiDAR Scene Flow Estimation with Synthetic Data10 Apr 2026
- 2026Sparse3DTrack: Monocular 3D Object Tracking Using Sparse Supervision18 Mar 2026
- 2026Fusion-Poly: A Polyhedral Framework Based on Spatial-Temporal Fusion for 3D Multi-Object Tracking9 Mar 2026
- 2026Person Detection and Tracking from an Overhead Crane LiDAR5 Mar 2026
- 2026SCATR: Mitigating New Instance Suppression in LiDAR-based Tracking-by-Attention via Second Chance Assignment and Track Query Dropout2 Mar 2026
- 2026Offline-Poly: A Polyhedral Framework For Offline 3D Multi-Object Tracking14 Feb 2026
- 2025End-to-End 3-D Spatiotemporal Perception with Multimodal Fusion and V2X Collaboration26 Dec 2025
12 newest of 96 All 96 (JSON)