Towards Immersive Human-X Interaction: A Real-Time Framework for Physically Plausible Motion Synthesis
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Abstract (arXiv)
Real-time synthesis of physically plausible human interactions remains a critical challenge for immersive VR/AR systems and humanoid robotics. While existing methods demonstrate progress in kinematic motion generation, they often fail to address the fundamental tension between real-time responsiveness, physical feasibility, and safety requirements in dynamic human-machine interactions. We introduce Human-X, a novel framework designed to enable immersive and physically plausible human interactions across diverse entities, including human-avatar, human-humanoid, and human-robot systems. Unlike existing approaches that focus on post-hoc alignment or simplified physics, our method jointly predicts actions and reactions in real-time using an auto-regressive reaction diffusion planner, ensuring seamless synchronization and context-aware responses. To enhance physical realism and safety, we integrate an actor-aware motion tracking policy trained with reinforcement learning, which dynamically adapts to interaction partners' movements while avoiding artifacts like foot sliding and penetration. Extensive experiments on the Inter-X and InterHuman datasets demonstrate significant improvements in motion quality, interaction continuity, and physical plausibility over state-of-the-art methods. Our framework is validated in real-world applications, including virtual reality interface for human-robot interaction, showcasing its potential for advancing human-robot collaboration.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 59 of its 75 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Aug 2025.
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59 of 75 references.
References · 59
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- 2018On the Continuity of Rotation Representations in Neural Networkscited by 1,214
- 2022Human Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 1,080
- 2021Isaac Gym: High Performance GPU-Based Physics Simulation For Robot Learningcited by 998
- 2015Scheduled Sampling for Sequence Prediction with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 803
- 2022MotionDiffuse: Text-Driven Human Motion Generation with Diffusion Modelcited by 780
- 2023MotionGPT: Human Motion as a Foreign Languagecited by 527
- 2022PhysDiff: Physics-Guided Human Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 368
- 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 324
- 2022EDGE: Editable Dance Generation From Musiccited by 287
- 2023ReMoDiffuse: Retrieval-Augmented Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 287
- 2023Diffusion-based Generation, Optimization, and Planning in 3D Scenescited by 239
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- 2023InterGen: Diffusion-based Multi-human Motion Generation under Complex Interactionscited by 206
- 2022Listen, Denoise, Action! Audio-Driven Motion Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 190
- 2024OmniH2O: Universal and Dexterous Human-to-Humanoid Whole-Body Teleoperation and Learningcited by 189
- 2024Learning Human-to-Humanoid Real-Time Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 130
- 2023Universal Humanoid Motion Representations for Physics-Based Controlcited by 116
- 2024CLoSD: Closing the Loop between Simulation and Diffusion for multi-task character controlcited by 109
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50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 16.
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- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generationcited by 7
- 2025IRG-MotionLLM: Interleaving Motion Generation, Assessment and Refinement for Text-to-Motion Generationcited by 6
- 2025Interact2Ar: Full-Body Human-Human Interaction Generation via Autoregressive Diffusion Modelscited by 6
- 2026TeamHOI: Learning a Unified Policy for Cooperative Human-Object Interactions with Any Team Sizecited by 5
- 2025Diffusion Forcing for Multi-Agent Interaction Sequence Modelingcited by 4
- 2026ProAct: Harnessing Streaming Motion Generation and Agentic Reasoning for Real-Time Embodied Social Interactioncited by 3
- 2026Disentangled Hierarchical VAE for 3D Human-Human Interaction Generationcited by 3
- 2026UniHM: Unified Dexterous Hand Manipulation with Vision Language Modelcited by 3
- 2025ARMFlow: AutoRegressive MeanFlow for Online 3D Human Reaction Generationcited by 2
- 2026U-Mind: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Multimodal Interaction with Audiovisual Generationcited by 2
- 2026Learning to Assist: Physics-Grounded Human-Human Control via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Stability-Driven Motion Generation for Object-Guided Human-Human Co-Manipulationcited by 1
8 more
- 2026DiscoForcing: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Audio-Driven Character Control with Diffusion Forcingcited by 1
- 2026Dancing Points: Synthesizing Ballroom Dancing with Three-Point Inputscited by 0
- 2026Unified Number-Free Text-to-Motion Generation Via Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026TROPHIES: Temporal Reconstruction of Places, Humans, and Cameras from Multi-view Videoscited by 0
- 2026HAT-4D: Lifting Monocular Video for 4D Multi-Object Interactions via Human-Agent Collaborationcited by 0
- 2026Inter-X++: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Human-Human Interaction Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Super Star: Towards Streaming Real-time Interactive Agents for Digital Humanscited by 0
- 2026Generative Interactions: Weaving Multiparty Human Motion with Bilevel Latent Dynamicscited by 0
- 2026Generative Interactions: Weaving Multiparty Human Motion with Bilevel Latent Dynamics29 Sep 2026
- 2026Inter-X++: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Human-Human Interaction Analysis20 Aug 2026
- 2026Super Star: Towards Streaming Real-time Interactive Agents for Digital Humans22 Jul 2026
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generation9 Jul 2026
- 2026HAT-4D: Lifting Monocular Video for 4D Multi-Object Interactions via Human-Agent Collaboration26 Jun 2026
- 2026TROPHIES: Temporal Reconstruction of Places, Humans, and Cameras from Multi-view Videos1 Jun 2026
- 2026DiscoForcing: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Audio-Driven Character Control with Diffusion Forcing27 May 2026
- 2026Stability-Driven Motion Generation for Object-Guided Human-Human Co-Manipulation22 Apr 2026
- 2026Unified Number-Free Text-to-Motion Generation Via Flow Matching27 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning to Assist: Physics-Grounded Human-Human Control via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning11 Mar 2026
- 2026TeamHOI: Learning a Unified Policy for Cooperative Human-Object Interactions with Any Team Size9 Mar 2026
- 2026UniHM: Unified Dexterous Hand Manipulation with Vision Language Model28 Feb 2026
8 more
- 2026U-Mind: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Multimodal Interaction with Audiovisual Generation27 Feb 2026
- 2026Disentangled Hierarchical VAE for 3D Human-Human Interaction Generation24 Feb 2026
- 2026ProAct: Harnessing Streaming Motion Generation and Agentic Reasoning for Real-Time Embodied Social Interaction15 Feb 2026
- 2026Dancing Points: Synthesizing Ballroom Dancing with Three-Point Inputs5 Jan 2026
- 2025Interact2Ar: Full-Body Human-Human Interaction Generation via Autoregressive Diffusion Models22 Dec 2025
- 2025Diffusion Forcing for Multi-Agent Interaction Sequence Modeling19 Dec 2025
- 2025ARMFlow: AutoRegressive MeanFlow for Online 3D Human Reaction Generation18 Dec 2025
- 2025IRG-MotionLLM: Interleaving Motion Generation, Assessment and Refinement for Text-to-Motion Generation11 Dec 2025
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generationcited by 7
- 2025IRG-MotionLLM: Interleaving Motion Generation, Assessment and Refinement for Text-to-Motion Generationcited by 6
- 2026TeamHOI: Learning a Unified Policy for Cooperative Human-Object Interactions with Any Team Sizecited by 5
- 2025Diffusion Forcing for Multi-Agent Interaction Sequence Modelingcited by 4
- 2025ARMFlow: AutoRegressive MeanFlow for Online 3D Human Reaction Generationcited by 2
- 2026U-Mind: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Multimodal Interaction with Audiovisual Generationcited by 2
- 2026Learning to Assist: Physics-Grounded Human-Human Control via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026Stability-Driven Motion Generation for Object-Guided Human-Human Co-Manipulationcited by 1
- 2026DiscoForcing: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Audio-Driven Character Control with Diffusion Forcingcited by 1
- 2026Dancing Points: Synthesizing Ballroom Dancing with Three-Point Inputscited by 0
- 2026TROPHIES: Temporal Reconstruction of Places, Humans, and Cameras from Multi-view Videoscited by 0
- 2026HAT-4D: Lifting Monocular Video for 4D Multi-Object Interactions via Human-Agent Collaborationcited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Generative Interactions: Weaving Multiparty Human Motion with Bilevel Latent Dynamics29 Sep 2026
- 2026Inter-X++: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Human-Human Interaction Analysis20 Aug 2026
- 2026Super Star: Towards Streaming Real-time Interactive Agents for Digital Humans22 Jul 2026
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generation9 Jul 2026
- 2026HAT-4D: Lifting Monocular Video for 4D Multi-Object Interactions via Human-Agent Collaboration26 Jun 2026
- 2026TROPHIES: Temporal Reconstruction of Places, Humans, and Cameras from Multi-view Videos1 Jun 2026
- 2026DiscoForcing: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Audio-Driven Character Control with Diffusion Forcing27 May 2026
- 2026Stability-Driven Motion Generation for Object-Guided Human-Human Co-Manipulation22 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning to Assist: Physics-Grounded Human-Human Control via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning11 Mar 2026
- 2026TeamHOI: Learning a Unified Policy for Cooperative Human-Object Interactions with Any Team Size9 Mar 2026
- 2026U-Mind: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Multimodal Interaction with Audiovisual Generation27 Feb 2026
- 2026Dancing Points: Synthesizing Ballroom Dancing with Three-Point Inputs5 Jan 2026
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)
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- 2025FantasyHSI: Video-Generation-Centric 4D Human Synthesis In Any Scene through A Graph-based Multi-Agent Framework
- 2025SimGenHOI: Physically Realistic Whole-Body Humanoid-Object Interaction via Generative Modeling and Reinforcement Learning
- 2026Dynamic Worlds, Dynamic Humans: Generating Virtual Human-Scene Interaction Motion in Dynamic Scenes
- 2026Policy-as-Data: Learning Generalizable HOI Diffusion Models from Simulated Physics
- 2026HSImul3R: Physics-in-the-Loop Reconstruction of Simulation-Ready Human-Scene Interactions
- 2024Real-Time Interactions Between Human Controllers and Remote Devices in Metaverse
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