mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Avatars Grow Legs: Generating Smooth Human Motion from Sparse Tracking Inputs with Diffusion Model

arXiv 2304.08577 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2023cs.CVcited by 104

On the map: Diffusion models → 3D, point cloud and scene generation

Abstract (arXiv)

With the recent surge in popularity of AR/VR applications, realistic and accurate control of 3D full-body avatars has become a highly demanded feature. A particular challenge is that only a sparse tracking signal is available from standalone HMDs (Head Mounted Devices), often limited to tracking the user's head and wrists. While this signal is resourceful for reconstructing the upper body motion, the lower body is not tracked and must be synthesized from the limited information provided by the upper body joints. In this paper, we present AGRoL, a novel conditional diffusion model specifically designed to track full bodies given sparse upper-body tracking signals. Our model is based on a simple multi-layer perceptron (MLP) architecture and a novel conditioning scheme for motion data. It can predict accurate and smooth full-body motion, particularly the challenging lower body movement. Unlike common diffusion architectures, our compact architecture can run in real-time, making it suitable for online body-tracking applications. We train and evaluate our model on AMASS motion capture dataset, and demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods in generated motion accuracy and smoothness. We further justify our design choices through extensive experiments and ablation studies.

Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 40 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2023.

Builds on

40 of 61 references.

References · 40

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  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  4. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  5. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
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28 more
  1. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
  2. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
  3. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  4. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
  5. 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,161
  6. 2016Density estimation using Real NVPcited by 2,029
  7. 2021MLP-Mixer: An all-MLP Architecture for Visioncited by 1,441
  8. 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,208
  9. 2018On the Continuity of Rotation Representations in Neural Networkscited by 1,186
  10. 2022Human Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 1,062
  11. 2022MotionDiffuse: Text-Driven Human Motion Generation with Diffusion Modelcited by 768
  12. 2021Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Synthesis with Transformer VAEcited by 497
  13. 2021AI Choreographer: Music Conditioned 3D Dance Generation with AIST++cited by 479
  14. 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
  15. 2015Structural-RNN: Deep Learning on Spatio-Temporal Graphscited by 234
  16. 2022FLAME: Free-form Language-based Motion Synthesis & Editingcited by 217
  17. 2017Searching for Activation Functionscited by 158
  18. 2022Physical Inertial Poser (PIP): Physics-aware Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Sparse Inertial Sensorscited by 144
  19. 2018Convolutional Sequence to Sequence Model for Human Dynamicscited by 115
  20. 2022AvatarPoser: Articulated Full-Body Pose Tracking from Sparse Motion Sensingcited by 107
  21. 2022Back to MLP: A Simple Baseline for Human Motion Predictioncited by 99
  22. 2022QuestSim: Human Motion Tracking from Sparse Sensors with Simulated Avatarscited by 74
  23. 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 54
  24. 2018Deep Inertial Poser: Learning to Reconstruct Human Pose from Sparse Inertial Measurements in Real Timecited by 47
  25. 2021LoBSTr: Real-time Lower-body Pose Prediction from Sparse Upper-body Tracking Signalscited by 45
  26. 2018Combining Recurrent Neural Networks and Adversarial Training for Human Motion Synthesis and Controlcited by 39
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  28. 2022Neural3Points: Learning to Generate Physically Realistic Full-body Motion for Virtual Reality Userscited by 20

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 32; 2025: 38; 2026: 22.

104 papers.

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  1. 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
  2. 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 126
  3. 2024Nymeria: A Massive Collection of Multimodal Egocentric Daily Motion in the Wildcited by 109
  4. 2024MaskedMimic: Unified Physics-Based Character Control Through Masked Motion Inpaintingcited by 101
  5. 2023Inter-X: Towards Versatile Human-Human Interaction Analysiscited by 98
  6. 2023Optimizing Diffusion Noise Can Serve As Universal Motion Priorscited by 97
  7. 2023Generative Image Dynamicscited by 93
  8. 2024Large Motion Model for Unified Multi-Modal Motion Generationcited by 65
  9. 2024ReGenNet: Towards Human Action-Reaction Synthesiscited by 53
  10. 2024RoHM: Robust Human Motion Reconstruction via Diffusioncited by 46
  11. 2023BoDiffusion: Diffusing Sparse Observations for Full-Body Human Motion Synthesiscited by 44
  12. 2023LivelySpeaker: Towards Semantic-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 40
38 more
  1. 2024MaskControl: Spatio-Temporal Control for Masked Motion Synthesiscited by 37
  2. 2024Style2Talker: High-Resolution Talking Head Generation with Emotion Style and Art Stylecited by 33
  3. 2023EgoPoser: Robust Real-Time Egocentric Pose Estimation from Sparse and Intermittent Observations Everywherecited by 31
  4. 2023Egocentric Whole-Body Motion Capture with FisheyeViT and Diffusion-Based Motion Refinementcited by 31
  5. 2024Mocap Everyone Everywhere: Lightweight Motion Capture With Smartwatches and a Head-Mounted Cameracited by 30
  6. 2023DiffusionPoser: Real-time Human Motion Reconstruction From Arbitrary Sparse Sensors Using Autoregressive Diffusioncited by 29
  7. 2024EgoLM: Multi-Modal Language Model of Egocentric Motionscited by 28
  8. 2024HMD^2: Environment-aware Motion Generation from Single Egocentric Head-Mounted Devicecited by 26
  9. 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observationscited by 22
  10. 2025Challenges and Trends in Egocentric Vision: A Surveycited by 20
  11. 2025Towards Immersive Human-X Interaction: A Real-Time Framework for Physically Plausible Motion Synthesiscited by 20
  12. 2024Stratified Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 19
  13. 2024Ultra Inertial Poser: Scalable Motion Capture and Tracking from Sparse Inertial Sensors and Ultra-Wideband Rangingcited by 18
  14. 2024Real-Time Simulated Avatar from Head-Mounted Sensorscited by 17
  15. 2025Ego4o: Egocentric Human Motion Capture and Understanding from Multi-Modal Inputcited by 17
  16. 2024Learning Multi-Modal Whole-Body Control for Real-World Humanoid Robotscited by 16
  17. 2024A Unified Diffusion Framework for Scene-aware Human Motion Estimation from Sparse Signalscited by 15
  18. 2025HERO: Human Reaction Generation from Videoscited by 15
  19. 2025REWIND: Real-Time Egocentric Whole-Body Motion Diffusion with Exemplar-Based Identity Conditioningcited by 14
  20. 2023HandDiffuse: Generative Controllers for Two-Hand Interactions via Diffusion Modelscited by 13
  21. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
  22. 2024EMHI: A Multimodal Egocentric Human Motion Dataset with HMD and Body-Worn IMUscited by 12
  23. 2024Generative AI-Driven Human Digital Twin in IoT-Healthcare: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 11
  24. 2024DivaTrack: Diverse Bodies and Motions from Acceleration-Enhanced Three-Point Trackerscited by 11
  25. 2024EgoCast: Forecasting Egocentric Human Pose in the Wildcited by 11
  26. 2024EnvPoser: Environment-aware Realistic Human Motion Estimation from Sparse Observations with Uncertainty Modelingcited by 11
  27. 2025From Sparse Signal to Smooth Motion: Real-Time Motion Generation with Rolling Prediction Modelscited by 11
  28. 2023GazeMoDiff: Gaze-guided Diffusion Model for Stochastic Human Motion Predictioncited by 9
  29. 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping Systemcited by 9
  30. 2024A Survey on 3D Egocentric Human Pose Estimationcited by 8
  31. 2024Estimating Ego-Body Pose from Doubly Sparse Egocentric Video Datacited by 8
  32. 2025ARFlow: Human Action-Reaction Flow Matching with Physical Guidancecited by 7
  33. 2025Transformer IMU Calibrator: Dynamic On-body IMU Calibration for Inertial Motion Capturecited by 7
  34. 2025Perceiving and Acting in First-Person: A Dataset and Benchmark for Egocentric Human-Object-Human Interactionscited by 7
  35. 2024AnimateMe: 4D Facial Expressions via Diffusion Modelscited by 6
  36. 2025Generating Physically Realistic and Directable Human Motions from Multi-Modal Inputscited by 6
  37. 2025EventEgo3D++: 3D Human Motion Capture from a Head-Mounted Event Cameracited by 6
  38. 2023Towards the generation of synchronized and believable non-verbal facial behaviors of a talking virtual agentcited by 5

50 most cited of 104 All 104 (JSON)

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  1. 2025Controlling Avatar Diffusion with Learnable Gaussian Embedding
  2. 2024AMG: Avatar Motion Guided Video Generation
  3. 2024AvatarGO: Zero-shot 4D Human-Object Interaction Generation and Animation
  4. 2024Instant 3D Human Avatar Generation using Image Diffusion Models
  5. 2025Unconditional Human Motion and Shape Generation via Balanced Score-Based Diffusion
  6. 2024Morphable Diffusion: 3D-Consistent Diffusion for Single-image Avatar Creation
  7. 2022Pretrained Diffusion Models for Unified Human Motion Synthesis
  8. 2026GenLCA: 3D Diffusion for Full-Body Avatars from In-the-Wild Videos