WaterSplatting: Fast Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction Using Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
The underwater 3D scene reconstruction is a challenging, yet interesting problem with applications ranging from naval robots to VR experiences. The problem was successfully tackled by fully volumetric NeRF-based methods which can model both the geometry and the medium (water). Unfortunately, these methods are slow to train and do not offer real-time rendering. More recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) method offered a fast alternative to NeRFs. However, because it is an explicit method that renders only the geometry, it cannot render the medium and is therefore unsuited for underwater reconstruction. Therefore, we propose a novel approach that fuses volumetric rendering with 3DGS to handle underwater data effectively. Our method employs 3DGS for explicit geometry representation and a separate volumetric field (queried once per pixel) for capturing the scattering medium. This dual representation further allows the restoration of the scenes by removing the scattering medium. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art NeRF-based methods in rendering quality on the underwater SeaThru-NeRF dataset. Furthermore, it does so while offering real-time rendering performance, addressing the efficiency limitations of existing methods. Web: https://water-splatting.github.io
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Aug 2024.
Builds on
39 of 52 references.
References · 39
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27 more
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
- 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
- 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 667
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
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- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
- 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
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- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 86
- 2023SeaThru-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields in Scattering Mediacited by 75
- 2020SDF-SRN: Learning Signed Distance 3D Object Reconstruction from Static Imagescited by 68
- 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
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- 2023Beyond NeRF Underwater: Learning Neural Reflectance Fields for True Color Correction of Marine Imagerycited by 19
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 14; 2026: 20.
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- 2024UW-GS: Distractor-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 23
- 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstructioncited by 19
- 2025I2-NeRF: Learning Neural Radiance Fields Under Physically-Grounded Media Interactionscited by 17
- 2026NTIRE 2026 3D Restoration and Reconstruction in Real-world Adverse Conditions: RealX3D Challenge Resultscited by 11
- 2025The Coralscapes Dataset: Semantic Scene Understanding in Coral Reefscited by 9
- 2024Aquatic-GS: A Hybrid 3D Representation for Underwater Scenescited by 8
- 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesiscited by 8
- 2024Gaussian Splashing: Direct Volumetric Rendering Underwatercited by 7
- 2025Plenodium: UnderWater 3D Scene Reconstruction with Plenoptic Medium Representationcited by 7
- 20263D Smoke Scene Reconstruction Guided by Vision Priors from Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2026SmokeGS-R: Physics-Guided Pseudo-Clean 3DGS for Real-World Multi-View Smoke Restorationcited by 6
- 2025SonarSplat: Novel View Synthesis of Imaging Sonar via Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
27 more
- 20253D-UIR: 3D Gaussian for Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction via Physics Based Appearance-Medium Decouplingcited by 5
- 2025RUSplatting: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-View Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2025AI-Driven Marine Robotics: Emerging Trends in Underwater Perception and Ecosystem Monitoringcited by 3
- 2024AquaFuse: Waterbody Fusion for Physics Guided View Synthesis of Underwater Scenescited by 2
- 2025Relative Illumination Fields: Learning Medium and Light Independent Underwater Scenescited by 2
- 2026NimbusGS: Unified 3D Scene Reconstruction under Hybrid Weathercited by 2
- 2025Cutting-edge 3D reconstruction solutions for underwater coral reef images: A review and comparisoncited by 1
- 2025AquaGS: Fast Underwater Scene Reconstruction with SfM-Free Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2025Semantic-guided Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2025From Restoration to Reconstruction: Rethinking 3D Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Scenescited by 1
- 2026WaterClear-GS: Optical-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Reconstruction and Restorationcited by 1
- 2026Wat3R: Underwater 3D Geometry Learning without Annotationscited by 1
- 2026WAT3R: Feedforward Underwater 3D Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2024Paleoinspired Vision: From Exploring Colour Vision Evolution to Inspiring Camera Designcited by 0
- 2025TUGS: Physics-based Compact Representation of Underwater Scenes by Tensorized Gaussiancited by 0
- 2026BALTIC: A Benchmark and Cross-Domain Strategy for 3D Reconstruction Across Air and Underwater Domains Under Varying Illuminationcited by 0
- 2026Underwater360: Reconstructing Underwater Scenes from Panoramic Images with Omnidirectional Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Ocean4D: Generative Underwater 4D Reconstruction via Medium-Aware Video Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026Swimm3R: Splatting with Medium-aware SfM for Underwater 3D Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026NemoSplat: Feed-Forward 4D Gaussian Splatting for Media-Aware Underwater Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026AquaFlow: A Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Underwater Streaming Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026BenthicFlow: Generating Extensible Underwater Environments via Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Gaussian Splatting Underwater: A Controlled Cross-Regime Studycited by 0
- 20263D-USE: From Image-Level to Scene-Level Underwater Enhancementcited by 0
- 2026FujinSplat: Seeing Through Smoke with RAW-Domain Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Tri-DehazeGS: Scene--Medium Decoupled Gaussian Splatting with Transmittance-Aware Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026OceanXL: Large-scale Underwater 3D Gaussian Splatting via Block Partitioning and Adaptive Pruningcited by 0
- 2026OceanXL: Large-scale Underwater 3D Gaussian Splatting via Block Partitioning and Adaptive Pruning24 Sep 2026
- 2026Tri-DehazeGS: Scene--Medium Decoupled Gaussian Splatting with Transmittance-Aware Optimization10 Sep 2026
- 2026FujinSplat: Seeing Through Smoke with RAW-Domain Gaussian Splatting5 Sep 2026
- 20263D-USE: From Image-Level to Scene-Level Underwater Enhancement28 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaussian Splatting Underwater: A Controlled Cross-Regime Study26 Aug 2026
- 2026BenthicFlow: Generating Extensible Underwater Environments via Flow Matching24 Aug 2026
- 2026AquaFlow: A Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Underwater Streaming Reconstruction24 Aug 2026
- 2026NemoSplat: Feed-Forward 4D Gaussian Splatting for Media-Aware Underwater Reconstruction24 Aug 2026
- 2026Swimm3R: Splatting with Medium-aware SfM for Underwater 3D Reconstruction2 Aug 2026
- 2026WAT3R: Feedforward Underwater 3D Reconstruction23 Jul 2026
- 2026Wat3R: Underwater 3D Geometry Learning without Annotations9 Jul 2026
- 2026Ocean4D: Generative Underwater 4D Reconstruction via Medium-Aware Video Diffusion22 Jun 2026
27 more
- 2026Underwater360: Reconstructing Underwater Scenes from Panoramic Images with Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting26 May 2026
- 2026BALTIC: A Benchmark and Cross-Domain Strategy for 3D Reconstruction Across Air and Underwater Domains Under Varying Illumination21 Apr 2026
- 20263D Smoke Scene Reconstruction Guided by Vision Priors from Multimodal Large Language Models7 Apr 2026
- 2026SmokeGS-R: Physics-Guided Pseudo-Clean 3DGS for Real-World Multi-View Smoke Restoration7 Apr 2026
- 2026NTIRE 2026 3D Restoration and Reconstruction in Real-world Adverse Conditions: RealX3D Challenge Results5 Apr 2026
- 2026NimbusGS: Unified 3D Scene Reconstruction under Hybrid Weather28 Mar 2026
- 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesis20 Feb 2026
- 2026WaterClear-GS: Optical-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Reconstruction and Restoration27 Jan 2026
- 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstruction29 Dec 2025
- 2025I2-NeRF: Learning Neural Radiance Fields Under Physically-Grounded Media Interactions25 Oct 2025
- 2025From Restoration to Reconstruction: Rethinking 3D Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Scenes22 Sep 2025
- 2025AI-Driven Marine Robotics: Emerging Trends in Underwater Perception and Ecosystem Monitoring2 Sep 2025
- 2025Semantic-guided Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity Underwater Scene Reconstruction31 Aug 2025
- 2025Plenodium: UnderWater 3D Scene Reconstruction with Plenoptic Medium Representation27 May 2025
- 20253D-UIR: 3D Gaussian for Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction via Physics Based Appearance-Medium Decoupling27 May 2025
- 2025RUSplatting: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-View Underwater Scene Reconstruction21 May 2025
- 2025TUGS: Physics-based Compact Representation of Underwater Scenes by Tensorized Gaussian12 May 2025
- 2025AquaGS: Fast Underwater Scene Reconstruction with SfM-Free Gaussian Splatting3 May 2025
- 2025Relative Illumination Fields: Learning Medium and Light Independent Underwater Scenes14 Apr 2025
- 2025SonarSplat: Novel View Synthesis of Imaging Sonar via Gaussian Splatting31 Mar 2025
- 2025The Coralscapes Dataset: Semantic Scene Understanding in Coral Reefs25 Mar 2025
- 2025Cutting-edge 3D reconstruction solutions for underwater coral reef images: A review and comparison27 Feb 2025
- 2024Paleoinspired Vision: From Exploring Colour Vision Evolution to Inspiring Camera Design27 Dec 2024
- 2024Gaussian Splashing: Direct Volumetric Rendering Underwater29 Nov 2024
- 2024AquaFuse: Waterbody Fusion for Physics Guided View Synthesis of Underwater Scenes2 Nov 2024
- 2024Aquatic-GS: A Hybrid 3D Representation for Underwater Scenes31 Oct 2024
- 2024UW-GS: Distractor-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Underwater Scene Reconstruction2 Oct 2024
- 2024UW-GS: Distractor-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 23
- 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstructioncited by 19
- 2025I2-NeRF: Learning Neural Radiance Fields Under Physically-Grounded Media Interactionscited by 17
- 2026NTIRE 2026 3D Restoration and Reconstruction in Real-world Adverse Conditions: RealX3D Challenge Resultscited by 11
- 2025The Coralscapes Dataset: Semantic Scene Understanding in Coral Reefscited by 9
- 2024Aquatic-GS: A Hybrid 3D Representation for Underwater Scenescited by 8
- 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesiscited by 8
- 2024Gaussian Splashing: Direct Volumetric Rendering Underwatercited by 7
- 2025Plenodium: UnderWater 3D Scene Reconstruction with Plenoptic Medium Representationcited by 7
- 2026SmokeGS-R: Physics-Guided Pseudo-Clean 3DGS for Real-World Multi-View Smoke Restorationcited by 6
- 2025SonarSplat: Novel View Synthesis of Imaging Sonar via Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 20253D-UIR: 3D Gaussian for Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction via Physics Based Appearance-Medium Decouplingcited by 5
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026OceanXL: Large-scale Underwater 3D Gaussian Splatting via Block Partitioning and Adaptive Pruning24 Sep 2026
- 2026Tri-DehazeGS: Scene--Medium Decoupled Gaussian Splatting with Transmittance-Aware Optimization10 Sep 2026
- 2026FujinSplat: Seeing Through Smoke with RAW-Domain Gaussian Splatting5 Sep 2026
- 20263D-USE: From Image-Level to Scene-Level Underwater Enhancement28 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaussian Splatting Underwater: A Controlled Cross-Regime Study26 Aug 2026
- 2026AquaFlow: A Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Underwater Streaming Reconstruction24 Aug 2026
- 2026NemoSplat: Feed-Forward 4D Gaussian Splatting for Media-Aware Underwater Reconstruction24 Aug 2026
- 2026Swimm3R: Splatting with Medium-aware SfM for Underwater 3D Reconstruction2 Aug 2026
- 2026WAT3R: Feedforward Underwater 3D Reconstruction23 Jul 2026
- 2026Wat3R: Underwater 3D Geometry Learning without Annotations9 Jul 2026
- 2026Underwater360: Reconstructing Underwater Scenes from Panoramic Images with Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting26 May 2026
- 2026BALTIC: A Benchmark and Cross-Domain Strategy for 3D Reconstruction Across Air and Underwater Domains Under Varying Illumination21 Apr 2026
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)