mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

WaterSplatting: Fast Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction Using Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2408.08206 ↗First posted 15 Aug 2024cs.CVcited by 39

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Abstract (arXiv)

The underwater 3D scene reconstruction is a challenging, yet interesting problem with applications ranging from naval robots to VR experiences. The problem was successfully tackled by fully volumetric NeRF-based methods which can model both the geometry and the medium (water). Unfortunately, these methods are slow to train and do not offer real-time rendering. More recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) method offered a fast alternative to NeRFs. However, because it is an explicit method that renders only the geometry, it cannot render the medium and is therefore unsuited for underwater reconstruction. Therefore, we propose a novel approach that fuses volumetric rendering with 3DGS to handle underwater data effectively. Our method employs 3DGS for explicit geometry representation and a separate volumetric field (queried once per pixel) for capturing the scattering medium. This dual representation further allows the restoration of the scenes by removing the scattering medium. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art NeRF-based methods in rendering quality on the underwater SeaThru-NeRF dataset. Furthermore, it does so while offering real-time rendering performance, addressing the efficiency limitations of existing methods. Web: https://water-splatting.github.io

Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Aug 2024.

Builds on

39 of 52 references.

References · 39

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  4. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  5. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  6. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  7. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  8. 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,574
  9. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
  10. 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,385
  11. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  12. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
27 more
  1. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  2. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
  3. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
  4. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  5. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 667
  6. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  7. 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 596
  8. 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
  9. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  10. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
  11. 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
  12. 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
  13. 2023ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priorscited by 317
  14. 2023Generative Novel View Synthesis with 3D-Aware Diffusion Modelscited by 273
  15. 2023LucidDreamer: Domain-free Generation of 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 228
  16. 2024Gaussian Opacity Fields: Efficient Adaptive Surface Reconstruction in Unbounded Scenescited by 226
  17. 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
  18. 2019Neural Volumes: Learning Dynamic Renderable Volumes from Imagescited by 173
  19. 2023F2-NeRF: Fast Neural Radiance Field Training with Free Camera Trajectoriescited by 118
  20. 2024GARField: Group Anything with Radiance Fieldscited by 108
  21. 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 86
  22. 2023SeaThru-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields in Scattering Mediacited by 75
  23. 2020SDF-SRN: Learning Signed Distance 3D Object Reconstruction from Static Imagescited by 68
  24. 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
  25. 2022WaterNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Underwater Scenescited by 28
  26. 2023ScatterNeRF: Seeing Through Fog with Physically-Based Inverse Neural Renderingcited by 28
  27. 2023Beyond NeRF Underwater: Learning Neural Reflectance Fields for True Color Correction of Marine Imagerycited by 19

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 14; 2026: 20.

39 papers.

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  1. 2024UW-GS: Distractor-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 23
  2. 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstructioncited by 19
  3. 2025I2-NeRF: Learning Neural Radiance Fields Under Physically-Grounded Media Interactionscited by 17
  4. 2026NTIRE 2026 3D Restoration and Reconstruction in Real-world Adverse Conditions: RealX3D Challenge Resultscited by 11
  5. 2025The Coralscapes Dataset: Semantic Scene Understanding in Coral Reefscited by 9
  6. 2024Aquatic-GS: A Hybrid 3D Representation for Underwater Scenescited by 8
  7. 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesiscited by 8
  8. 2024Gaussian Splashing: Direct Volumetric Rendering Underwatercited by 7
  9. 2025Plenodium: UnderWater 3D Scene Reconstruction with Plenoptic Medium Representationcited by 7
  10. 20263D Smoke Scene Reconstruction Guided by Vision Priors from Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 7
  11. 2026SmokeGS-R: Physics-Guided Pseudo-Clean 3DGS for Real-World Multi-View Smoke Restorationcited by 6
  12. 2025SonarSplat: Novel View Synthesis of Imaging Sonar via Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
27 more
  1. 20253D-UIR: 3D Gaussian for Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction via Physics Based Appearance-Medium Decouplingcited by 5
  2. 2025RUSplatting: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-View Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 4
  3. 2025AI-Driven Marine Robotics: Emerging Trends in Underwater Perception and Ecosystem Monitoringcited by 3
  4. 2024AquaFuse: Waterbody Fusion for Physics Guided View Synthesis of Underwater Scenescited by 2
  5. 2025Relative Illumination Fields: Learning Medium and Light Independent Underwater Scenescited by 2
  6. 2026NimbusGS: Unified 3D Scene Reconstruction under Hybrid Weathercited by 2
  7. 2025Cutting-edge 3D reconstruction solutions for underwater coral reef images: A review and comparisoncited by 1
  8. 2025AquaGS: Fast Underwater Scene Reconstruction with SfM-Free Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  9. 2025Semantic-guided Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity Underwater Scene Reconstructioncited by 1
  10. 2025From Restoration to Reconstruction: Rethinking 3D Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Scenescited by 1
  11. 2026WaterClear-GS: Optical-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Reconstruction and Restorationcited by 1
  12. 2026Wat3R: Underwater 3D Geometry Learning without Annotationscited by 1
  13. 2026WAT3R: Feedforward Underwater 3D Reconstructioncited by 1
  14. 2024Paleoinspired Vision: From Exploring Colour Vision Evolution to Inspiring Camera Designcited by 0
  15. 2025TUGS: Physics-based Compact Representation of Underwater Scenes by Tensorized Gaussiancited by 0
  16. 2026BALTIC: A Benchmark and Cross-Domain Strategy for 3D Reconstruction Across Air and Underwater Domains Under Varying Illuminationcited by 0
  17. 2026Underwater360: Reconstructing Underwater Scenes from Panoramic Images with Omnidirectional Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  18. 2026Ocean4D: Generative Underwater 4D Reconstruction via Medium-Aware Video Diffusioncited by 0
  19. 2026Swimm3R: Splatting with Medium-aware SfM for Underwater 3D Reconstructioncited by 0
  20. 2026NemoSplat: Feed-Forward 4D Gaussian Splatting for Media-Aware Underwater Reconstructioncited by 0
  21. 2026AquaFlow: A Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Underwater Streaming Reconstructioncited by 0
  22. 2026BenthicFlow: Generating Extensible Underwater Environments via Flow Matchingcited by 0
  23. 2026Gaussian Splatting Underwater: A Controlled Cross-Regime Studycited by 0
  24. 20263D-USE: From Image-Level to Scene-Level Underwater Enhancementcited by 0
  25. 2026FujinSplat: Seeing Through Smoke with RAW-Domain Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  26. 2026Tri-DehazeGS: Scene--Medium Decoupled Gaussian Splatting with Transmittance-Aware Optimizationcited by 0
  27. 2026OceanXL: Large-scale Underwater 3D Gaussian Splatting via Block Partitioning and Adaptive Pruningcited by 0