mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Imitator: Personalized Speech-driven 3D Facial Animation

arXiv 2301.00023 ↗First posted 30 Dec 2022cs.CVcited by 74

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Abstract (arXiv)

Speech-driven 3D facial animation has been widely explored, with applications in gaming, character animation, virtual reality, and telepresence systems. State-of-the-art methods deform the face topology of the target actor to sync the input audio without considering the identity-specific speaking style and facial idiosyncrasies of the target actor, thus, resulting in unrealistic and inaccurate lip movements. To address this, we present Imitator, a speech-driven facial expression synthesis method, which learns identity-specific details from a short input video and produces novel facial expressions matching the identity-specific speaking style and facial idiosyncrasies of the target actor. Specifically, we train a style-agnostic transformer on a large facial expression dataset which we use as a prior for audio-driven facial expressions. Based on this prior, we optimize for identity-specific speaking style based on a short reference video. To train the prior, we introduce a novel loss function based on detected bilabial consonants to ensure plausible lip closures and consequently improve the realism of the generated expressions. Through detailed experiments and a user study, we show that our approach produces temporally coherent facial expressions from input audio while preserving the speaking style of the target actors.

Key facts. Cited by 74 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Dec 2022.

Builds on

25 of 43 references.

References · 25

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,905
  3. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,101
  4. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 632
  5. 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 467
  6. 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
  7. 2014Deep Speech: Scaling up end-to-end speech recognitioncited by 354
  8. 2021AD-NeRF: Audio Driven Neural Radiance Fields for Talking Head Synthesiscited by 339
  9. 2020MakeItTalk: Speaker-Aware Talking-Head Animationcited by 312
  10. 2020State of the Art on Neural Renderingcited by 278
  11. 20193D Morphable Face Models -- Past, Present and Futurecited by 270
  12. 2019Capture, Learning, and Synthesis of 3D Speaking Stylescited by 259
13 more
  1. 2019Neural Voice Puppetry: Audio-driven Facial Reenactmentcited by 250
  2. 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 231
  3. 2021FaceFormer: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Transformerscited by 209
  4. 2021MeshTalk: 3D Face Animation from Speech using Cross-Modality Disentanglementcited by 190
  5. 2022Towards Metrical Reconstruction of Human Facescited by 166
  6. 2021Audio2Head: Audio-driven One-shot Talking-head Generation with Natural Head Motioncited by 149
  7. 2019Realistic Speech-Driven Facial Animation with GANscited by 142
  8. 2017You said that?cited by 99
  9. 2020Audio-driven Talking Face Video Generation with Learning-based Personalized Head Posecited by 92
  10. 2020Everybody's Talkin': Let Me Talk as You Wantcited by 83
  11. 2021TorchAudio: Building Blocks for Audio and Speech Processingcited by 83
  12. 2022DFA-NeRF: Personalized Talking Head Generation via Disentangled Face Attributes Neural Renderingcited by 80
  13. 2021LipSync3D: Data-Efficient Learning of Personalized 3D Talking Faces from Video using Pose and Lighting Normalizationcited by 67

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 13; 2024: 19; 2025: 29; 2026: 13.

74 papers.

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  1. 2023Emotional Speech-Driven Animation with Content-Emotion Disentanglementcited by 98
  2. 2023DiffPoseTalk: Speech-Driven Stylistic 3D Facial Animation and Head Pose Generation via Diffusion Modelscited by 81
  3. 2023FaceTalk: Audio-Driven Motion Diffusion for Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 55
  4. 2024VLOGGER: Multimodal Diffusion for Embodied Avatar Synthesiscited by 50
  5. 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
  6. 2025DualTalk: Dual-Speaker Interaction for 3D Talking Head Conversationscited by 32
  7. 2024MultiTalk: Enhancing 3D Talking Head Generation Across Languages with Multilingual Video Datasetcited by 28
  8. 2023LaughTalk: Expressive 3D Talking Head Generation with Laughtercited by 27
  9. 2024ScanTalk: 3D Talking Heads from Unregistered Scanscited by 24
  10. 2024Gaussian Eigen Models for Human Headscited by 21
  11. 2023Speech-Driven 3D Face Animation with Composite and Regional Facial Movementscited by 17
  12. 2023Mimic: Speaking Style Disentanglement for Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animationcited by 16
38 more
  1. 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performercited by 16
  2. 2024MMHead: Towards Fine-grained Multi-modal 3D Facial Animationcited by 16
  3. 20233DiFACE: Diffusion-based Speech-driven 3D Facial Animation and Editingcited by 15
  4. 2024EmoVOCA: Speech-Driven Emotional 3D Talking Headscited by 13
  5. 2024ProbTalk3D: Non-Deterministic Emotion Controllable Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation Synthesis Using VQ-VAEcited by 13
  6. 2025UniLS: End-to-End Audio-Driven Avatars for Unified Listening and Speakingcited by 11
  7. 2024DEGAS: Detailed Expressions on Full-Body Gaussian Avatarscited by 10
  8. 2023SingingHead: A Large-scale 4D Dataset for Singing Head Animationcited by 9
  9. 2024AVI-Talking: Learning Audio-Visual Instructions for Expressive 3D Talking Face Generationcited by 9
  10. 2025AV-Flow: Transforming Text to Audio-Visual Human-like Interactionscited by 9
  11. 2025MemoryTalker: Personalized Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation via Audio-Guided Stylizationcited by 9
  12. 2024Meta-Learning Empowered Meta-Face: Personalized Speaking Style Adaptation for Audio-Driven 3D Talking Face Animationcited by 8
  13. 2025Wav2Sem: Plug-and-Play Audio Semantic Decoupling for 3D Speech-Driven Facial Animationcited by 8
  14. 2025Model See Model Do: Speech-Driven Facial Animation with Style Controlcited by 7
  15. 2024AnimateMe: 4D Facial Expressions via Diffusion Modelscited by 6
  16. 2025Advancing Talking Head Generation: A Comprehensive Survey of Multi-Modal Methodologies, Datasets, Evaluation Metrics, and Loss Functionscited by 6
  17. 2024Beyond Fixed Topologies: Unregistered Training and Comprehensive Evaluation Metrics for 3D Talking Headscited by 5
  18. 2025Towards High-fidelity 3D Talking Avatar with Personalized Dynamic Texturecited by 5
  19. 2025Supervising 3D Talking Head Avatars with Analysis-by-Audio-Synthesiscited by 5
  20. 2025Audio Driven Real-Time Facial Animation for Social Telepresencecited by 5
  21. 2025Express4D: Expressive, Friendly, and Extensible 4D Facial Motion Generation Benchmarkcited by 4
  22. 20253DiFACE: Synthesizing and Editing Holistic 3D Facial Animationcited by 4
  23. 2023Breathing Life into Faces: Speech-driven 3D Facial Animation with Natural Head Pose and Detailed Shapecited by 3
  24. 2024Dubbing for Everyone: Data-Efficient Visual Dubbing using Neural Rendering Priorscited by 3
  25. 2024An Implicit Physical Face Model Driven by Expression and Stylecited by 3
  26. 2025Learning Phonetic Context-Dependent Viseme for Enhancing Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animationcited by 3
  27. 2025LSF-Animation: Label-Free Speech-Driven Facial Animation via Implicit Feature Representationcited by 3
  28. 2025StreamingTalker: Audio-driven 3D Facial Animation with Autoregressive Diffusion Modelcited by 3
  29. 2025Towards Seamless Interaction: Causal Turn-Level Modeling of Interactive 3D Conversational Head Dynamicscited by 3
  30. 2023AdaMesh: Personalized Facial Expressions and Head Poses for Adaptive Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animationcited by 2
  31. 2023GMTalker: Gaussian Mixture-based Audio-Driven Emotional Talking Video Portraitscited by 2
  32. 2024Diverse Code Query Learning for Speech-Driven Facial Animationcited by 2
  33. 2025VividListener: Expressive and Controllable Listener Dynamics Modeling for Multi-Modal Responsive Interactioncited by 2
  34. 2025Tiny is not small enough: High-quality, low-resource facial animation models through hybrid knowledge distillationcited by 2
  35. 2025Think2Sing: Orchestrating Structured Motion Subtitles for Singing-Driven 3D Head Animationcited by 2
  36. 2025GaussianHeadTalk: Wobble-Free 3D Talking Heads with Audio Driven Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  37. 2023Personalized Speech-driven Expressive 3D Facial Animation Synthesis with Style Controlcited by 1
  38. 2025Investigating Identity Signals in Conversational Facial Dynamics via Disentangled Expression Featurescited by 1

50 most cited of 74 All 74 (JSON)