DiffHuman: Probabilistic Photorealistic 3D Reconstruction of Humans
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present DiffHuman, a probabilistic method for photorealistic 3D human reconstruction from a single RGB image. Despite the ill-posed nature of this problem, most methods are deterministic and output a single solution, often resulting in a lack of geometric detail and blurriness in unseen or uncertain regions. In contrast, DiffHuman predicts a probability distribution over 3D reconstructions conditioned on an input 2D image, which allows us to sample multiple detailed 3D avatars that are consistent with the image. DiffHuman is implemented as a conditional diffusion model that denoises pixel-aligned 2D observations of an underlying 3D shape representation. During inference, we may sample 3D avatars by iteratively denoising 2D renders of the predicted 3D representation. Furthermore, we introduce a generator neural network that approximates rendering with considerably reduced runtime (55x speed up), resulting in a novel dual-branch diffusion framework. Our experiments show that DiffHuman can produce diverse and detailed reconstructions for the parts of the person that are unseen or uncertain in the input image, while remaining competitive with the state-of-the-art when reconstructing visible surfaces.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 63 of its 80 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2024.
Builds on
63 of 80 references.
References · 63
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
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- 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,355
- 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,847
- 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,503
- 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,689
- 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,352
- 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,041
- 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
38 more
- 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
- 2021Diffusion Probabilistic Models for 3D Point Cloud Generationcited by 735
- 2020Implicit Geometric Regularization for Learning Shapescited by 710
- 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 627
- 2022LION: Latent Point Diffusion Models for 3D Shape Generationcited by 553
- 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
- 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
- 2021PARE: Part Attention Regressor for 3D Human Body Estimationcited by 337
- 2015Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square errorcited by 300
- 2021ICON: Implicit Clothed humans Obtained from Normalscited by 283
- 2020ARCH: Animatable Reconstruction of Clothed Humanscited by 257
- 2022NeuMan: Neural Human Radiance Field from a Single Videocited by 244
- 2018Video Based Reconstruction of 3D People Modelscited by 238
- 2020PaMIR: Parametric Model-Conditioned Implicit Representation for Image-based Human Reconstructioncited by 231
- 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
- 2022DiffRF: Rendering-Guided 3D Radiance Field Diffusioncited by 204
- 2022ECON: Explicit Clothed humans Optimized via Normal integrationcited by 199
- 2018Neural Body Fitting: Unifying Deep Learning and Model-Based Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 185
- 2021ARCH++: Animation-Ready Clothed Human Reconstruction Revisitedcited by 174
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct People in Clothing from a Single RGB Cameracited by 168
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- 2023HumanRF: High-Fidelity Neural Radiance Fields for Humans in Motioncited by 161
- 2021H-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Rendering and Temporal Reconstruction of Humans in Motioncited by 157
- 2021Probabilistic Modeling for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 153
- 2023HyperDiffusion: Generating Implicit Neural Fields with Weight-Space Diffusioncited by 152
- 2022Photorealistic Monocular 3D Reconstruction of Humans Wearing Clothingcited by 126
- 2023Viewset Diffusion: (0-)Image-Conditioned 3D Generative Models from 2D Datacited by 113
- 2020Geo-PIFu: Geometry and Pixel Aligned Implicit Functions for Single-view Human Reconstructioncited by 112
- 2023Diffusion with Forward Models: Solving Stochastic Inverse Problems Without Direct Supervisioncited by 112
- 2018Detailed Human Avatars from Monocular Videocited by 109
- 2023TeCH: Text-guided Reconstruction of Lifelike Clothed Humanscited by 104
- 2022DiffPose: Toward More Reliable 3D Pose Estimationcited by 100
- 2019Generating Multiple Hypotheses for 3D Human Pose Estimation with Mixture Density Networkcited by 92
- 2023SHERF: Generalizable Human NeRF from a Single Imagecited by 88
- 2021Probabilistic Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation with Normalizing Flowscited by 85
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- 2023Diffusion-Based 3D Human Pose Estimation with Multi-Hypothesis Aggregationcited by 82
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Human-3Diffusion: Realistic Avatar Creation via Explicit 3D Consistent Diffusion Modelscited by 44
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Imagecited by 20
- 2024Gen-3Diffusion: Realistic Image-to-3D Generation via 2D & 3D Diffusion Synergycited by 16
- 2024Instant 3D Human Avatar Generation using Image Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2025HumanRAM: Feed-forward Human Reconstruction and Animation Model using Transformerscited by 9
- 2024Real-time Free-view Human Rendering from Sparse-view RGB Videos using Double Unprojected Texturescited by 7
- 2025Generative Human Geometry Distributioncited by 5
- 2024Single Image, Any Face: Generalisable 3D Face Generationcited by 4
- 2025Dream, Lift, Animate: From Single Images to Animatable Gaussian Avatarscited by 4
- 2025PARTE: Part-Guided Texturing for 3D Human Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 2
- 2026Real-Time Human Frontal View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 2
- 2025Realistic Clothed Human and Object Joint Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 0
- 2026GenFusion: Feed-forward Human Performance Capture via Progressive Canonical Space Updates30 Mar 2026
- 2026Real-Time Human Frontal View Synthesis from a Single Image16 Mar 2026
- 2025PARTE: Part-Guided Texturing for 3D Human Reconstruction from a Single Image23 Jul 2025
- 2025Dream, Lift, Animate: From Single Images to Animatable Gaussian Avatars21 Jul 2025
- 2025HumanRAM: Feed-forward Human Reconstruction and Animation Model using Transformers3 Jun 2025
- 2025Generative Human Geometry Distribution3 Mar 2025
- 2025Realistic Clothed Human and Object Joint Reconstruction from a Single Image25 Feb 2025
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Image11 Feb 2025
- 2024Real-time Free-view Human Rendering from Sparse-view RGB Videos using Double Unprojected Textures17 Dec 2024
- 2024Gen-3Diffusion: Realistic Image-to-3D Generation via 2D & 3D Diffusion Synergy9 Dec 2024
- 2024Single Image, Any Face: Generalisable 3D Face Generation25 Sep 2024
- 2024Human-3Diffusion: Realistic Avatar Creation via Explicit 3D Consistent Diffusion Models12 Jun 2024
1 more
- 2024Human-3Diffusion: Realistic Avatar Creation via Explicit 3D Consistent Diffusion Modelscited by 44
- 2024Gen-3Diffusion: Realistic Image-to-3D Generation via 2D & 3D Diffusion Synergycited by 16
- 2024Instant 3D Human Avatar Generation using Image Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2025Dream, Lift, Animate: From Single Images to Animatable Gaussian Avatarscited by 4
- 2025Dream, Lift, Animate: From Single Images to Animatable Gaussian Avatars21 Jul 2025
- 2024Gen-3Diffusion: Realistic Image-to-3D Generation via 2D & 3D Diffusion Synergy9 Dec 2024
- 2024Human-3Diffusion: Realistic Avatar Creation via Explicit 3D Consistent Diffusion Models12 Jun 2024
- 2024Instant 3D Human Avatar Generation using Image Diffusion Models11 Jun 2024
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Imagecited by 20
- 2025HumanRAM: Feed-forward Human Reconstruction and Animation Model using Transformerscited by 9
- 2024Real-time Free-view Human Rendering from Sparse-view RGB Videos using Double Unprojected Texturescited by 7
- 2025Generative Human Geometry Distributioncited by 5
- 2024Single Image, Any Face: Generalisable 3D Face Generationcited by 4
- 2025PARTE: Part-Guided Texturing for 3D Human Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 2
- 2026Real-Time Human Frontal View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 2
- 2025Realistic Clothed Human and Object Joint Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 0
- 2026GenFusion: Feed-forward Human Performance Capture via Progressive Canonical Space Updatescited by 0
- 2026GenFusion: Feed-forward Human Performance Capture via Progressive Canonical Space Updates30 Mar 2026
- 2026Real-Time Human Frontal View Synthesis from a Single Image16 Mar 2026
- 2025PARTE: Part-Guided Texturing for 3D Human Reconstruction from a Single Image23 Jul 2025
- 2025HumanRAM: Feed-forward Human Reconstruction and Animation Model using Transformers3 Jun 2025
- 2025Generative Human Geometry Distribution3 Mar 2025
- 2025Realistic Clothed Human and Object Joint Reconstruction from a Single Image25 Feb 2025
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Image11 Feb 2025
- 2024Real-time Free-view Human Rendering from Sparse-view RGB Videos using Double Unprojected Textures17 Dec 2024
- 2024Single Image, Any Face: Generalisable 3D Face Generation25 Sep 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Generative Approach for Probabilistic Human Mesh Recovery using Diffusion Models
- 2024PSHuman: Photorealistic Single-image 3D Human Reconstruction using Cross-Scale Multiview Diffusion and Explicit Remeshing
- 2026DiGS-Avatar: Single-Image Animatable 3D Human Reconstruction via UV-Space Diffusion
- 2023MVHuman: Tailoring 2D Diffusion with Multi-view Sampling For Realistic 3D Human Generation
- 2025WonderHuman: Hallucinating Unseen Parts in Dynamic 3D Human Reconstruction
- 2026Splatshot: 3D Face Avatar Generation from a Single Unconstrained Photo
- 2024DiffSurf: A Transformer-based Diffusion Model for Generating and Reconstructing 3D Surfaces in Pose
- 2023SiTH: Single-view Textured Human Reconstruction with Image-Conditioned Diffusion