mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

City-on-Web: Real-time Neural Rendering of Large-scale Scenes on the Web

arXiv 2312.16457 ↗First posted 27 Dec 2023cs.CV cs.GRcited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing neural radiance field-based methods can achieve real-time rendering of small scenes on the web platform. However, extending these methods to large-scale scenes still poses significant challenges due to limited resources in computation, memory, and bandwidth. In this paper, we propose City-on-Web, the first method for real-time rendering of large-scale scenes on the web. We propose a block-based volume rendering method to guarantee 3D consistency and correct occlusion between blocks, and introduce a Level-of-Detail strategy combined with dynamic loading/unloading of resources to significantly reduce memory demands. Our system achieves real-time rendering of large-scale scenes at approximately 32FPS with RTX 3060 GPU on the web and maintains rendering quality comparable to the current state-of-the-art novel view synthesis methods.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Dec 2023.

Builds on

39 of 57 references.

References · 39

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  4. 2013Estimating or Propagating Gradients Through Stochastic Neurons for Conditional Computationcited by 2,031
  5. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  6. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  7. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
  8. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  9. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  10. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  11. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
  12. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
27 more
  1. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  2. 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 596
  3. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
  4. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
  5. 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
  6. 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
  7. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
  8. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  9. 2021BungeeNeRF: Progressive Neural Radiance Field for Extreme Multi-scale Scene Renderingcited by 228
  10. 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 220
  11. 2023MERF: Memory-Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-time View Synthesis in Unbounded Scenescited by 215
  12. 2023MatrixCity: A Large-scale City Dataset for City-scale Neural Rendering and Beyondcited by 185
  13. 2023Tri-MipRF: Tri-Mip Representation for Efficient Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 142
  14. 2023StreetSurf: Extending Multi-view Implicit Surface Reconstruction to Street Viewscited by 120
  15. 2023F2-NeRF: Fast Neural Radiance Field Training with Free Camera Trajectoriescited by 118
  16. 2022Variable Bitrate Neural Fieldscited by 116
  17. 2023Delicate Textured Mesh Recovery from NeRF via Adaptive Surface Refinementcited by 106
  18. 2023Grid-guided Neural Radiance Fields for Large Urban Scenescited by 99
  19. 2023Nerfbusters: Removing Ghostly Artifacts from Casually Captured NeRFscited by 76
  20. 2021TermiNeRF: Ray Termination Prediction for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 70
  21. 2023Adaptive Shells for Efficient Neural Radiance Field Renderingcited by 69
  22. 2022Real-Time Neural Light Field on Mobile Devicescited by 48
  23. 2023Learning Neural Duplex Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 28
  24. 2023HybridNeRF: Efficient Neural Rendering via Adaptive Volumetric Surfacescited by 28
  25. 2023S3IM: Stochastic Structural SIMilarity and Its Unreasonable Effectiveness for Neural Fieldscited by 25
  26. 2023UE4-NeRF:Neural Radiance Field for Real-Time Rendering of Large-Scale Scenecited by 25
  27. 2023Anti-Aliased Neural Implicit Surfaces with Encoding Level of Detailcited by 23

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

14 papers.

Sort:

  1. 2024CityGaussian: Real-time High-quality Large-Scale Scene Rendering with Gaussianscited by 190
  2. 20253DGS2: Near Second-order Converging 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
  3. 2024RetinaGS: Scalable Training for Dense Scene Rendering with Billion-Scale 3D Gaussianscited by 16
  4. 2024Portrait Video Editing Empowered by Multimodal Generative Priorscited by 12
  5. 2024Balanced 3DGS: Gaussian-wise Parallelism Rendering with Fine-Grained Tilingcited by 12
  6. 2024HGS-Mapping: Online Dense Mapping Using Hybrid Gaussian Representation in Urban Scenescited by 11
  7. 2025HUG: Hierarchical Urban Gaussian Splatting with Block-Based Reconstruction for Large-Scale Aerial Scenescited by 7
  8. 2025From Orbit to Ground: Generative City Photogrammetry from Extreme Off-Nadir Satellite Imagescited by 5
  9. 2024Oblique-MERF: Revisiting and Improving MERF for Oblique Photographycited by 2
  10. 2025Gaussian2Scene: 3D Scene Representation Learning via Self-supervised Learning with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  11. 2025PrismGS: Physically-Grounded Anti-Aliasing for High-Fidelity Large-Scale 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  12. 2024Deformable NeRF using Recursively Subdivided Tetrahedracited by 0
2 more
  1. 20263DGS2-TR: Scalable Second-Order Trust-Region Method for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  2. 2026ProgressiveAvatars: Progressive Animatable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 0