mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesis

arXiv 1809.11096 ↗First posted 28 Sep 2018cs.LG stat.MLcited by 2,626

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Cited by 629 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Despite recent progress in generative image modeling, successfully generating high-resolution, diverse samples from complex datasets such as ImageNet remains an elusive goal. To this end, we train Generative Adversarial Networks at the largest scale yet attempted, and study the instabilities specific to such scale. We find that applying orthogonal regularization to the generator renders it amenable to a simple "truncation trick," allowing fine control over the trade-off between sample fidelity and variety by reducing the variance of the Generator's input. Our modifications lead to models which set the new state of the art in class-conditional image synthesis. When trained on ImageNet at 128x128 resolution, our models (BigGANs) achieve an Inception Score (IS) of 166.5 and Frechet Inception Distance (FID) of 7.4, improving over the previous best IS of 52.52 and FID of 18.6.

Key facts. Cited by 2,626 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Sep 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2019: 4; 2020: 4; 2021: 555; 2022: 530; 2023: 578; 2024: 451; 2025: 329; 2026: 175.

2,626 papers.

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  1. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
  3. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,255
  4. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,355
  5. 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 6,054
  6. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,847
  7. 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,627
  8. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,761
  9. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,614
  10. 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generationcited by 3,300
  11. 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,431
  12. 2023Consistency Modelscited by 1,822
38 more
  1. 2023VBench: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Video Generative Modelscited by 1,822
  2. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,719
  3. 2024HunyuanVideo: A Systematic Framework For Large Video Generative Modelscited by 1,660
  4. 2021Image Super-Resolution via Iterative Refinementcited by 1,511
  5. 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1,430
  6. 2020DiffWave: A Versatile Diffusion Model for Audio Synthesiscited by 1,354
  7. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,205
  8. 2021Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,184
  9. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,163
  10. 2022Multi-Concept Customization of Text-to-Image Diffusioncited by 1,106
  11. 2022MaskGIT: Masked Generative Image Transformercited by 1,099
  12. 2024Visual Autoregressive Modeling: Scalable Image Generation via Next-Scale Predictioncited by 1,023
  13. 2023One-step Diffusion with Distribution Matching Distillationcited by 1,019
  14. 2022Building Normalizing Flows with Stochastic Interpolantscited by 995
  15. 2021StyleCLIP: Text-Driven Manipulation of StyleGAN Imagerycited by 991
  16. 2021Blended Diffusion for Text-driven Editing of Natural Imagescited by 927
  17. 2024Autoregressive Model Beats Diffusion: Llama for Scalable Image Generationcited by 777
  18. 2021Vector Quantized Diffusion Model for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 774
  19. 2024SiT: Exploring Flow and Diffusion-based Generative Models with Scalable Interpolant Transformerscited by 737
  20. 2023Extracting Training Data from Diffusion Modelscited by 732
  21. 2023MasaCtrl: Tuning-Free Mutual Self-Attention Control for Consistent Image Synthesis and Editingcited by 727
  22. 2022Autoregressive Image Generation using Residual Quantizationcited by 722
  23. 2024Improved Distribution Matching Distillation for Fast Image Synthesiscited by 684
  24. 2021VideoGPT: Video Generation using VQ-VAE and Transformerscited by 658
  25. 2021Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGANcited by 658
  26. 2023Muse: Text-To-Image Generation via Masked Generative Transformerscited by 648
  27. 2021DiffusionCLIP: Text-Guided Diffusion Models for Robust Image Manipulationcited by 642
  28. 2023Language Model Beats Diffusion -- Tokenizer is Key to Visual Generationcited by 640
  29. 2021ILVR: Conditioning Method for Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 635
  30. 2023NExT-GPT: Any-to-Any Multimodal LLMcited by 615
  31. 2025Mean Flows for One-step Generative Modelingcited by 561
  32. 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 516
  33. 2022All are Worth Words: A ViT Backbone for Diffusion Modelscited by 502
  34. 2022StyleGAN-XL: Scaling StyleGAN to Large Diverse Datasetscited by 492
  35. 2023Scaling up GANs for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 492
  36. 2023Towards Universal Fake Image Detectors that Generalize Across Generative Modelscited by 490
  37. 2022Make-A-Scene: Scene-Based Text-to-Image Generation with Human Priorscited by 487
  38. 2021StyleNeRF: A Style-based 3D-Aware Generator for High-resolution Image Synthesiscited by 477

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