Towards Diverse Behaviors: A Benchmark for Imitation Learning with Human Demonstrations
On the map: Offline RL and imitation learning from data → Robot manipulation imitation learning
Abstract (arXiv)
Imitation learning with human data has demonstrated remarkable success in teaching robots in a wide range of skills. However, the inherent diversity in human behavior leads to the emergence of multi-modal data distributions, thereby presenting a formidable challenge for existing imitation learning algorithms. Quantifying a model's capacity to capture and replicate this diversity effectively is still an open problem. In this work, we introduce simulation benchmark environments and the corresponding Datasets with Diverse human Demonstrations for Imitation Learning (D3IL), designed explicitly to evaluate a model's ability to learn multi-modal behavior. Our environments are designed to involve multiple sub-tasks that need to be solved, consider manipulation of multiple objects which increases the diversity of the behavior and can only be solved by policies that rely on closed loop sensory feedback. Other available datasets are missing at least one of these challenging properties. To address the challenge of diversity quantification, we introduce tractable metrics that provide valuable insights into a model's ability to acquire and reproduce diverse behaviors. These metrics offer a practical means to assess the robustness and versatility of imitation learning algorithms. Furthermore, we conduct a thorough evaluation of state-of-the-art methods on the proposed task suite. This evaluation serves as a benchmark for assessing their capability to learn diverse behaviors. Our findings shed light on the effectiveness of these methods in tackling the intricate problem of capturing and generalizing multi-modal human behaviors, offering a valuable reference for the design of future imitation learning algorithms.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Robot manipulation imitation learning, one of 13 directions in Offline RL and imitation learning from data. Builds on 35 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2024.
Builds on
35 of 40 references.
Closest ancestors · 6
Same direction, newest first
- 2023BridgeData V2: A Dataset for Robot Learning at Scale24 Aug
- 2023FurnitureBench: Reproducible Real-World Benchmark for Long-Horizon Complex Manipulation22 May
- 2023Learning Fine-Grained Bimanual Manipulation with Low-Cost Hardware23 Apr
- 2022Behavior Transformers: Cloning k modes with one stone22 Jun
- 2019Relay Policy Learning: Solving Long-Horizon Tasks via Imitation and Reinforcement Learning25 Oct
- 2018RoboTurk: A Crowdsourcing Platform for Robotic Skill Learning through Imitation7 Nov
Other references · 29
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
- 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusioncited by 2,730
- 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,007
- 2021Ego4D: Around the World in 3,000 Hours of Egocentric Videocited by 1,530
- 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,406
- 2019Meta-World: A Benchmark and Evaluation for Multi-Task and Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,168
- 2021What Matters in Learning from Offline Human Demonstrations for Robot Manipulationcited by 699
- 2019RLBench: The Robot Learning Benchmark & Learning Environmentcited by 669
- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 564
17 more
- 2018An Algorithmic Perspective on Imitation Learningcited by 455
- 2021Implicit Behavioral Cloningcited by 442
- 2022VIMA: General Robot Manipulation with Multimodal Promptscited by 403
- 2020Transporter Networks: Rearranging the Visual World for Robotic Manipulationcited by 342
- 2023ManiSkill2: A Unified Benchmark for Generalizable Manipulation Skillscited by 313
- 2019Learning Latent Plans from Playcited by 310
- 2023Imitating Human Behaviour with Diffusion Modelscited by 260
- 2023Goal-Conditioned Imitation Learning using Score-based Diffusion Policiescited by 229
- 2022Interactive Language: Talking to Robots in Real Timecited by 217
- 2021ManiSkill: Generalizable Manipulation Skill Benchmark with Large-Scale Demonstrationscited by 193
- 2023RoboAgent: Generalization and Efficiency in Robot Manipulation via Semantic Augmentations and Action Chunkingcited by 167
- 2020Hyperparameter Selection for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 113
- 2018Neural probabilistic motor primitives for humanoid controlcited by 96
- 2021Benchmarks for Deep Off-Policy Evaluationcited by 89
- 2020One Solution is Not All You Need: Few-Shot Extrapolation via Structured MaxEnt RLcited by 79
- 2023ARNOLD: A Benchmark for Language-Grounded Task Learning With Continuous States in Realistic 3D Scenescited by 68
- 2021Specializing Versatile Skill Libraries using Local Mixture of Expertscited by 24
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 17; 2025: 13; 2026: 21.
51 papers.
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- 2026Motion Planning with Model-Based Diffusion via Constraint Optimization and Adaptive Scheduling16 Jul 2026
- 2026D-SafeMPC: Diffusion-Driven Safe Model Predictive Control with Discrete-Time Control Barrier Functions12 Jul 2026
- 2026Source-Lifted Flow Matching for Intervenable Multimodal Imitation11 Jul 2026
- 2026Behavior Uncloning: Distilling Mode Redirection into Policy Weights without Inference-Time Steering28 Jun 2026
- 2026CoRDE: Concept-Prior Routed Diffusion Experts for Structural Generalization in Robot Manipulation20 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometric Entropy: When Trajectory Diversity Helps and Hurts in Imitation Learning18 Jun 2026
- 2026DiRecT: Safe Diffusion-Based Planning via Receding-Horizon Denoising13 Jun 2026
- 2026Trust-Region Diffusion Policies for Massively Parallel On-Policy RL13 Jun 2026
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- 2026Behavioral Mode Discovery for Fine-tuning Multimodal Generative Policies12 May 2026
- 2026You've Got a Golden Ticket: Improving Generative Robot Policies With A Single Noise Vector16 Mar 2026
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- 2026Action Hallucination in Generative Vision-Language-Action Models6 Feb 2026
- 2026RoDiF: Robust Direct Fine-Tuning of Diffusion Policies with Corrupted Human Feedback31 Jan 2026
- 2026Offline Reinforcement Learning of High-Quality Behaviors Under Robust Style Alignment30 Jan 2026
- 2025CAPE: Context-Aware Diffusion Policy Via Proximal Mode Expansion for Collision Avoidance27 Nov 2025
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- 2025Act to See, See to Act: Diffusion-Driven Perception-Action Interplay for Adaptive Policies30 Sep 2025
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- 2024A Large Recurrent Action Model: xLSTM enables Fast Inference for Robotics Tasks29 Oct 2024
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- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulation10 Oct 2024
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- 2024Diffusion Policy Policy Optimization1 Sep 2024
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50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 670
- 2024Diffusion Policy Policy Optimizationcited by 255
- 2024Efficient Diffusion Transformer Policies with Mixture of Expert Denoisers for Multitask Learningcited by 46
- 2025Diffusion Models for Robotic Manipulation: A Surveycited by 39
- 2025Failure Prediction at Runtime for Generative Robot Policiescited by 36
- 2024Diffusion Predictive Control with Constraintscited by 32
- 2024Variational Distillation of Diffusion Policies into Mixture of Expertscited by 14
- 2025HardFlow: Hard-Constrained Sampling for Flow-Matching Models via Trajectory Optimizationcited by 10
- 2025VFP: Variational Flow-Matching Policy for Multi-Modal Robot Manipulationcited by 9
- 2024Learning Diffusion Policies from Demonstrations For Compliant Contact-rich Manipulationcited by 6
- 2025Time-Unified Diffusion Policy with Action Discrimination for Robotic Manipulationcited by 5
- 2026You've Got a Golden Ticket: Improving Generative Robot Policies With A Single Noise Vectorcited by 5
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026Steering Generative Robot Policies with Lexicographic Preferences14 Sep 2026
- 2026DIA: Denoising Intermediate Advantage for Diffusion Policy Optimization10 Sep 2026
- 2026The Geometry of Flow-Matching Uncertainty: A Cost-free Uncertainty Proxy and Its Application in Flow-based VLA Failure Detection30 Jul 2026
- 2026Motion Planning with Model-Based Diffusion via Constraint Optimization and Adaptive Scheduling16 Jul 2026
- 2026D-SafeMPC: Diffusion-Driven Safe Model Predictive Control with Discrete-Time Control Barrier Functions12 Jul 2026
- 2026Source-Lifted Flow Matching for Intervenable Multimodal Imitation11 Jul 2026
- 2026CoRDE: Concept-Prior Routed Diffusion Experts for Structural Generalization in Robot Manipulation20 Jun 2026
- 2026DiRecT: Safe Diffusion-Based Planning via Receding-Horizon Denoising13 Jun 2026
- 2026Trust-Region Diffusion Policies for Massively Parallel On-Policy RL13 Jun 2026
- 2026Lagrangian Perturbation Diffusion Steering: Latent Reinforcement Learning for Generative Policies31 May 2026
- 2026From Noise to Control: Parameterized Diffusion Policies29 May 2026
- 2026You've Got a Golden Ticket: Improving Generative Robot Policies With A Single Noise Vector16 Mar 2026
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- 2026Offline Reinforcement Learning of High-Quality Behaviors Under Robust Style Alignment30 Jan 2026
- 2025PointMapPolicy: Structured Point Cloud Processing for Multi-Modal Imitation Learning23 Oct 2025
- 2025RoboManipBaselines: A Unified Framework for Imitation Learning in Robotic Manipulation across Real and Simulation Environments21 Sep 2025
- 2025BEAST: Efficient Tokenization of B-Splines Encoded Action Sequences for Imitation Learning6 Jun 2025
- 2024Imitation Learning with Limited Actions via Diffusion Planners and Deep Koopman Controllers10 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Generative Models in Robotics: A Survey on Learning from Multimodal Demonstrations8 Aug 2024
- 2024Position: Towards Bidirectional Human-AI Alignmentcited by 15
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- 2024MaIL: Improving Imitation Learning with Mambacited by 11
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- 2024A Large Recurrent Action Model: xLSTM enables Fast Inference for Robotics Taskscited by 14
- 2024Mimicking-Bench: A Benchmark for Generalizable Humanoid-Scene Interaction Learning via Human Mimickingcited by 14
- 2024Learning Diverse Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation Skills from Human Demonstrationscited by 12
- 2025IRIS: An Immersive Robot Interaction Systemcited by 2
- 2025Self-Guided Action Diffusioncited by 2
- 2026Inner Speech as Behavior Guides: Steerable Imitation of Diverse Behaviors for Human-AI coordinationcited by 2
- 2026Behavioral Mode Discovery for Fine-tuning Multimodal Generative Policiescited by 2
- 2026Runtime Monitoring of Perception-Based Autonomous Systems via Embedding Temporal Logiccited by 1
- 2026Behavior Uncloning: Distilling Mode Redirection into Policy Weights without Inference-Time Steeringcited by 1
- 2024AI-Guided Molecular Simulations in VR: Exploring Strategies for Imitation Learning in Hyperdimensional Molecular Systemscited by 0
- 2026KnowDemo: Knowledge-Guided Robot Demonstration Generation from Human Videoscited by 0
- 2026KnowDemo: Knowledge-Guided Robot Demonstration Generation from Human Videos18 Sep 2026
- 2026Behavior Uncloning: Distilling Mode Redirection into Policy Weights without Inference-Time Steering28 Jun 2026
- 2026Runtime Monitoring of Perception-Based Autonomous Systems via Embedding Temporal Logic12 May 2026
- 2026Behavioral Mode Discovery for Fine-tuning Multimodal Generative Policies12 May 2026
- 2026Inner Speech as Behavior Guides: Steerable Imitation of Diverse Behaviors for Human-AI coordination24 Feb 2026
- 2025Self-Guided Action Diffusion17 Aug 2025
- 2025IRIS: An Immersive Robot Interaction System5 Feb 2025
- 2024Mimicking-Bench: A Benchmark for Generalizable Humanoid-Scene Interaction Learning via Human Mimicking23 Dec 2024
- 2024A Large Recurrent Action Model: xLSTM enables Fast Inference for Robotics Tasks29 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning Diverse Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation Skills from Human Demonstrations3 Oct 2024
- 2024AI-Guided Molecular Simulations in VR: Exploring Strategies for Imitation Learning in Hyperdimensional Molecular Systems11 Sep 2024
Similar, not cited
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