Towards High-fidelity Nonlinear 3D Face Morphable Model
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Abstract (arXiv)
Embedding 3D morphable basis functions into deep neural networks opens great potential for models with better representation power. However, to faithfully learn those models from an image collection, it requires strong regularization to overcome ambiguities involved in the learning process. This critically prevents us from learning high fidelity face models which are needed to represent face images in high level of details. To address this problem, this paper presents a novel approach to learn additional proxies as means to side-step strong regularizations, as well as, leverages to promote detailed shape/albedo. To ease the learning, we also propose to use a dual-pathway network, a carefully-designed architecture that brings a balance between global and local-based models. By improving the nonlinear 3D morphable model in both learning objective and network architecture, we present a model which is superior in capturing higher level of details than the linear or its precedent nonlinear counterparts. As a result, our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on 3D face reconstruction by solely optimizing latent representations.
Key facts. Cited by 91 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 29; 2022: 23; 2023: 20; 2024: 11; 2025: 3; 2026: 5.
91 papers.
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- 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
- 2022EMOCA: Emotion Driven Monocular Face Capture and Animationcited by 254
- 2022Towards Metrical Reconstruction of Human Facescited by 166
- 2021Collaborative Regression of Expressive Bodies using Moderationcited by 137
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 2022FaceVerse: a Fine-grained and Detail-controllable 3D Face Morphable Model from a Hybrid Datasetcited by 98
- 2021MoFaNeRF: Morphable Facial Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 94
- 2023PanoHead: Geometry-Aware 3D Full-Head Synthesis in 360circcited by 93
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesiscited by 82
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 73
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
38 more
- 2022ImFace: A Nonlinear 3D Morphable Face Model with Implicit Neural Representationscited by 64
- 2021Towards High Fidelity Monocular Face Reconstruction with Rich Reflectance using Self-supervised Learning and Ray Tracingcited by 48
- 2022Face Relighting with Geometrically Consistent Shadowscited by 43
- 2023A Hierarchical Representation Network for Accurate and Detailed Face Reconstruction from In-The-Wild Imagescited by 43
- 2021Towards High Fidelity Face Relighting with Realistic Shadowscited by 42
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatarscited by 38
- 2023HAvatar: High-fidelity Head Avatar via Facial Model Conditioned Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 37
- 2021Normalized Avatar Synthesis Using StyleGAN and Perceptual Refinementcited by 36
- 2021Practical Face Reconstruction via Differentiable Ray Tracingcited by 35
- 2021FaceScape: 3D Facial Dataset and Benchmark for Single-View 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 35
- 2023Relightify: Relightable 3D Faces from a Single Image via Diffusion Modelscited by 34
- 2021Fast-GANFIT: Generative Adversarial Network for High Fidelity 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 33
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2022Towards Racially Unbiased Skin Tone Estimation via Scene Disambiguationcited by 32
- 2021Riggable 3D Face Reconstruction via In-Network Optimizationcited by 31
- 2024GaussianHeads: End-to-End Learning of Drivable Gaussian Head Avatars from Coarse-to-fine Representationscited by 31
- 2021SADRNet: Self-Aligned Dual Face Regression Networks for Robust 3D Dense Face Alignment and Reconstructioncited by 27
- 2022Facial Geometric Detail Recovery via Implicit Representationcited by 27
- 2021MOST-GAN: 3D Morphable StyleGAN for Disentangled Face Image Manipulationcited by 24
- 20223DFaceShop: Explicitly Controllable 3D-Aware Portrait Generationcited by 22
- 2024TextToon: Real-Time Text Toonify Head Avatar from Single Videocited by 21
- 2021Robust Model-based Face Reconstruction through Weakly-Supervised Outlier Segmentationcited by 20
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Datacited by 20
- 2023MoSAR: Monocular Semi-Supervised Model for Avatar Reconstruction using Differentiable Shadingcited by 18
- 2021Inverting Generative Adversarial Renderer for Face Reconstructioncited by 17
- 2022S2F2: Self-Supervised High Fidelity Face Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 17
- 20223D-FM GAN: Towards 3D-Controllable Face Manipulationcited by 17
- 2023GANHead: Towards Generative Animatable Neural Head Avatarscited by 17
- 2021Fully Understanding Generic Objects: Modeling, Segmentation, and Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2021Learning to Aggregate and Personalize 3D Face from In-the-Wild Photo Collectioncited by 16
- 2023Single-Shot Implicit Morphable Faces with Consistent Texture Parameterizationcited by 16
- 2023Implicit Neural Head Synthesis via Controllable Local Deformation Fieldscited by 14
- 2021High-fidelity Face Tracking for AR/VR via Deep Lighting Adaptationcited by 13
- 2025TEASER: Token Enhanced Spatial Modeling for Expressions Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2022SIRA: Relightable Avatars from a Single Imagecited by 12
- 2022NeRF-Gaze: A Head-Eye Redirection Parametric Model for Gaze Estimationcited by 10
- 2023ImFace++: A Sophisticated Nonlinear 3D Morphable Face Model with Implicit Neural Representationscited by 10
50 most cited of 91 All 91 (JSON)
- 2026Monocular Avatar Reconstruction via Cascaded Diffusion Priors and UV-Space Differentiable Shading26 Jun 2026
- 2026High-Fidelity 3D Facial Avatar Synthesis with Controllable Fine-Grained Expressions16 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual Diffusion Models for Multi-modal Guided 3D Avatar Generation4 Mar 2026
- 2026Deep Learning Based Facial Retargeting Using Local Patches13 Jan 2026
- 2026Face Normal Estimation from Rags to Riches5 Jan 2026
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texture18 Dec 2025
- 2025GRMM: Real-Time High-Fidelity Gaussian Morphable Head Model with Learned Residuals2 Sep 2025
- 2025TEASER: Token Enhanced Spatial Modeling for Expressions Reconstruction16 Feb 2025
- 2024Polarimetric BSSRDF Acquisition of Dynamic Faces29 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Native Generative Model for 3D Head Avatar2 Oct 2024
- 2024TextToon: Real-Time Text Toonify Head Avatar from Single Video23 Sep 2024
- 2024FreeAvatar: Robust 3D Facial Animation Transfer by Learning an Expression Foundation Model20 Sep 2024
38 more
- 2024GaussianHeads: End-to-End Learning of Drivable Gaussian Head Avatars from Coarse-to-fine Representations18 Sep 2024
- 2024Head360: Learning a Parametric 3D Full-Head for Free-View Synthesis in 360deg1 Aug 2024
- 2024FAGhead: Fully Animate Gaussian Head from Monocular Videos27 Jun 2024
- 2024Robust 3D Face Alignment with Multi-Path Neural Architecture Search12 Jun 2024
- 20243D Face Modeling via Weakly-supervised Disentanglement Network joint Identity-consistency Prior25 Apr 2024
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesis5 Apr 2024
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidance28 Jan 2024
- 2023INFAMOUS-NeRF: ImproviNg FAce MOdeling Using Semantically-Aligned Hypernetworks with Neural Radiance Fields23 Dec 2023
- 2023MoSAR: Monocular Semi-Supervised Model for Avatar Reconstruction using Differentiable Shading20 Dec 2023
- 2023DisControlFace: Adding Disentangled Control to Diffusion Autoencoder for One-shot Explicit Facial Image Editing11 Dec 2023
- 2023ImFace++: A Sophisticated Nonlinear 3D Morphable Face Model with Implicit Neural Representations7 Dec 2023
- 2023A survey and classification of face alignment methods based on face models6 Nov 2023
- 2023High-Quality 3D Face Reconstruction with Affine Convolutional Networks22 Oct 2023
- 2023HAvatar: High-fidelity Head Avatar via Facial Model Conditioned Neural Radiance Field29 Sep 2023
- 2023Disjoint Pose and Shape for 3D Face Reconstruction26 Aug 2023
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatars16 May 2023
- 2023Relightify: Relightable 3D Faces from a Single Image via Diffusion Models10 May 2023
- 2023Single-Shot Implicit Morphable Faces with Consistent Texture Parameterization4 May 2023
- 2023Implicit Neural Head Synthesis via Controllable Local Deformation Fields21 Apr 2023
- 2023GANHead: Towards Generative Animatable Neural Head Avatars8 Apr 2023
- 2023Head3D: Complete 3D Head Generation via Tri-plane Feature Distillation28 Mar 2023
- 2023HQ3DAvatar: High Quality Controllable 3D Head Avatar25 Mar 2023
- 2023PanoHead: Geometry-Aware 3D Full-Head Synthesis in 360circ23 Mar 2023
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Data21 Mar 2023
- 20233D Face Arbitrary Style Transfer14 Mar 2023
- 2023A Hierarchical Representation Network for Accurate and Detailed Face Reconstruction from In-The-Wild Images28 Feb 2023
- 2023RAFaRe: Learning Robust and Accurate Non-parametric 3D Face Reconstruction from Pseudo 2D&3D Pairs10 Feb 2023
- 2022NeRF-Gaze: A Head-Eye Redirection Parametric Model for Gaze Estimation30 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Models6 Dec 2022
- 2022Controllable Face Manipulation and UV Map Generation by Self-supervised Learning24 Sep 2022
- 20223DFaceShop: Explicitly Controllable 3D-Aware Portrait Generation12 Sep 2022
- 2022SIRA: Relightable Avatars from a Single Image7 Sep 2022
- 2022Domain Engineering for Applied Monocular Reconstruction of Parametric Faces6 Sep 2022
- 20223D-FM GAN: Towards 3D-Controllable Face Manipulation24 Aug 2022
- 2022Applied monocular reconstruction of parametric faces with domain engineering5 Aug 2022
- 2022Structure-aware Editable Morphable Model for 3D Facial Detail Animation and Manipulation19 Jul 2022
- 2022Towards Racially Unbiased Skin Tone Estimation via Scene Disambiguation8 May 2022
- 2022Parametric Reshaping of Portraits in Videos5 May 2022
50 newest of 91 All 91 (JSON)
- 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
- 2022EMOCA: Emotion Driven Monocular Face Capture and Animationcited by 254
- 2022Towards Metrical Reconstruction of Human Facescited by 166
- 2021Collaborative Regression of Expressive Bodies using Moderationcited by 137
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 2022FaceVerse: a Fine-grained and Detail-controllable 3D Face Morphable Model from a Hybrid Datasetcited by 98
- 2021MoFaNeRF: Morphable Facial Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 94
- 2023PanoHead: Geometry-Aware 3D Full-Head Synthesis in 360circcited by 93
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesiscited by 82
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 73
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
12 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2026High-Fidelity 3D Facial Avatar Synthesis with Controllable Fine-Grained Expressions16 Mar 2026
- 2026Deep Learning Based Facial Retargeting Using Local Patches13 Jan 2026
- 2026Face Normal Estimation from Rags to Riches5 Jan 2026
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texture18 Dec 2025
- 2025GRMM: Real-Time High-Fidelity Gaussian Morphable Head Model with Learned Residuals2 Sep 2025
- 2025TEASER: Token Enhanced Spatial Modeling for Expressions Reconstruction16 Feb 2025
- 2024Polarimetric BSSRDF Acquisition of Dynamic Faces29 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Native Generative Model for 3D Head Avatar2 Oct 2024
- 2024TextToon: Real-Time Text Toonify Head Avatar from Single Video23 Sep 2024
- 2024FreeAvatar: Robust 3D Facial Animation Transfer by Learning an Expression Foundation Model20 Sep 2024
- 2024GaussianHeads: End-to-End Learning of Drivable Gaussian Head Avatars from Coarse-to-fine Representations18 Sep 2024
- 2024Head360: Learning a Parametric 3D Full-Head for Free-View Synthesis in 360deg1 Aug 2024
12 newest of 88 All 88 (JSON)