Practical Face Reconstruction via Differentiable Ray Tracing
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a differentiable ray-tracing based novel face reconstruction approach where scene attributes - 3D geometry, reflectance (diffuse, specular and roughness), pose, camera parameters, and scene illumination - are estimated from unconstrained monocular images. The proposed method models scene illumination via a novel, parameterized virtual light stage, which in-conjunction with differentiable ray-tracing, introduces a coarse-to-fine optimization formulation for face reconstruction. Our method can not only handle unconstrained illumination and self-shadows conditions, but also estimates diffuse and specular albedos. To estimate the face attributes consistently and with practical semantics, a two-stage optimization strategy systematically uses a subset of parametric attributes, where subsequent attribute estimations factor those previously estimated. For example, self-shadows estimated during the first stage, later prevent its baking into the personalized diffuse and specular albedos in the second stage. We show the efficacy of our approach in several real-world scenarios, where face attributes can be estimated even under extreme illumination conditions. Ablation studies, analyses and comparisons against several recent state-of-the-art methods show improved accuracy and versatility of our approach. With consistent face attributes reconstruction, our method leads to several style -- illumination, albedo, self-shadow -- edit and transfer applications, as discussed in the paper.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jan 2021.
Builds on
22 of 76 references.
References · 22
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2017How far are we from solving the 2D & 3D Face Alignment problem? (and a dataset of 230,000 3D facial landmarks)cited by 524
- 20193D Morphable Face Models -- Past, Present and Futurecited by 269
- 2018Generating 3D faces using Convolutional Mesh Autoencoderscited by 267
- 2018Deep Video Portraitscited by 265
- 2019Learning to Regress 3D Face Shape and Expression from an Image without 3D Supervisioncited by 176
- 2017MoFA: Model-based Deep Convolutional Face Autoencoder for Unsupervised Monocular Reconstructioncited by 163
- 2018Nonlinear 3D Face Morphable Modelcited by 157
- 2019Single Image Portrait Relightingcited by 152
- 2018Face Alignment in Full Pose Range: A 3D Total Solutioncited by 147
- 2017Morphable Face Models - An Open Frameworkcited by 138
- 2017SfSNet: Learning Shape, Reflectance and Illuminance of Faces in the Wildcited by 110
10 more
- 2020Learning Formation of Physically-Based Face Attributescited by 94
- 2019Towards High-fidelity Nonlinear 3D Face Morphable Modelcited by 91
- 2020AvatarMe: Realistically Renderable 3D Facial Reconstruction "in-the-wild"cited by 91
- 2018FML: Face Model Learning from Videoscited by 78
- 2017Neural Face Editing with Intrinsic Image Disentanglingcited by 70
- 2020A Morphable Face Albedo Modelcited by 54
- 2019Photo-Realistic Facial Details Synthesis from Single Imagecited by 40
- 2016Photorealistic Facial Texture Inference Using Deep Neural Networkscited by 32
- 2016Production-Level Facial Performance Capture Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 14
- 2019Face Reflectance and Geometry Modeling via Differentiable Ray Tracingcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 4; 2023: 10; 2024: 3; 2025: 9; 2026: 5.
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- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
- 2022Learning to Relight Portrait Images via a Virtual Light Stage and Synthetic-to-Real Adaptationcited by 67
- 2021AvatarMe++: Facial Shape and BRDF Inference with Photorealistic Rendering-Aware GANscited by 49
- 2021Towards High Fidelity Monocular Face Reconstruction with Rich Reflectance using Self-supervised Learning and Ray Tracingcited by 48
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatarscited by 38
- 2023Relightify: Relightable 3D Faces from a Single Image via Diffusion Modelscited by 34
- 2022High-Res Facial Appearance Capture from Polarized Smartphone Imagescited by 21
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Datacited by 20
- 2023MoSAR: Monocular Semi-Supervised Model for Avatar Reconstruction using Differentiable Shadingcited by 18
- 2022S2F2: Self-Supervised High Fidelity Face Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 17
- 2023Single-Shot Implicit Morphable Faces with Consistent Texture Parameterizationcited by 16
- 2023High-Quality Facial Geometry and Appearance Capture at Homecited by 9
23 more
- 2023Makeup Extraction of 3D Representation via Illumination-Aware Image Decompositioncited by 8
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategycited by 7
- 2023A Perceptual Shape Loss for Monocular 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2023JoIN: Joint GANs Inversion for Intrinsic Image Decompositioncited by 4
- 2025Exploiting Multiple Representations: 3D Face Biometrics Fusion with Application to Surveillancecited by 4
- 2025VGGTFace: Topologically Consistent Facial Geometry Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 4
- 2024Exploring 3D Face Reconstruction and Fusion Methods for Face Verification: A Case-Study in Video Surveillancecited by 3
- 2024Monocular Facial Appearance Capture in the Wildcited by 2
- 2025High-Quality Facial Albedo Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image using a Coarse-to-Fine Approachcited by 2
- 2021FacialFilmroll: High-resolution multi-shot video editingcited by 1
- 2024Learning to Decouple the Lights for 3D Face Texture Modelingcited by 1
- 2025WildCap: Facial Albedo Capture in the Wild via Hybrid Inverse Renderingcited by 1
- 2026Skullptor: High Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction in Seconds with Multi-View Normal Predictioncited by 1
- 2026Monocular Avatar Reconstruction via Cascaded Diffusion Priors and UV-Space Differentiable Shadingcited by 1
- 2021Generative Landmarkscited by 0
- 2023HeadRecon: High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 0
- 20253D Engine-ready Photorealistic Avatars via Dynamic Texturescited by 0
- 2025Improving Facial Rig Semantics for Tracking and Retargetingcited by 0
- 2025Does Head Pose Correction Improve Biometric Facial Recognition?cited by 0
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texturecited by 0
- 2026RelightAnyone: A Generalized Relightable 3D Gaussian Head Modelcited by 0
- 2026Dual Diffusion Models for Multi-modal Guided 3D Avatar Generationcited by 0
- 2026Learning a Delighting Prior for Facial Appearance Capture in the Wildcited by 0
- 2026Monocular Avatar Reconstruction via Cascaded Diffusion Priors and UV-Space Differentiable Shading26 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning a Delighting Prior for Facial Appearance Capture in the Wild7 May 2026
- 2026Dual Diffusion Models for Multi-modal Guided 3D Avatar Generation4 Mar 2026
- 2026Skullptor: High Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction in Seconds with Multi-View Normal Prediction24 Feb 2026
- 2026RelightAnyone: A Generalized Relightable 3D Gaussian Head Model6 Jan 2026
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texture18 Dec 2025
- 2025WildCap: Facial Albedo Capture in the Wild via Hybrid Inverse Rendering12 Dec 2025
- 2025Does Head Pose Correction Improve Biometric Facial Recognition?2 Dec 2025
- 2025VGGTFace: Topologically Consistent Facial Geometry Reconstruction in the Wild25 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving Facial Rig Semantics for Tracking and Retargeting11 Aug 2025
- 2025High-Quality Facial Albedo Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image using a Coarse-to-Fine Approach16 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploiting Multiple Representations: 3D Face Biometrics Fusion with Application to Surveillance26 Apr 2025
23 more
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategy21 Mar 2025
- 20253D Engine-ready Photorealistic Avatars via Dynamic Textures19 Mar 2025
- 2024Monocular Facial Appearance Capture in the Wild17 Dec 2024
- 2024Learning to Decouple the Lights for 3D Face Texture Modeling11 Dec 2024
- 2024Exploring 3D Face Reconstruction and Fusion Methods for Face Verification: A Case-Study in Video Surveillance16 Sep 2024
- 2023MoSAR: Monocular Semi-Supervised Model for Avatar Reconstruction using Differentiable Shading20 Dec 2023
- 2023HeadRecon: High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction from Monocular Video14 Dec 2023
- 2023High-Quality Facial Geometry and Appearance Capture at Home6 Dec 2023
- 2023A Perceptual Shape Loss for Monocular 3D Face Reconstruction30 Oct 2023
- 2023JoIN: Joint GANs Inversion for Intrinsic Image Decomposition18 May 2023
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatars16 May 2023
- 2023Relightify: Relightable 3D Faces from a Single Image via Diffusion Models10 May 2023
- 2023Single-Shot Implicit Morphable Faces with Consistent Texture Parameterization4 May 2023
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Data21 Mar 2023
- 2023Makeup Extraction of 3D Representation via Illumination-Aware Image Decomposition26 Feb 2023
- 2022High-Res Facial Appearance Capture from Polarized Smartphone Images2 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning to Relight Portrait Images via a Virtual Light Stage and Synthetic-to-Real Adaptation21 Sep 2022
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarks6 Apr 2022
- 2022S2F2: Self-Supervised High Fidelity Face Reconstruction from Monocular Image15 Mar 2022
- 2021AvatarMe++: Facial Shape and BRDF Inference with Photorealistic Rendering-Aware GANs11 Dec 2021
- 2021FacialFilmroll: High-resolution multi-shot video editing5 Oct 2021
- 2021Generative Landmarks8 Apr 2021
- 2021Towards High Fidelity Monocular Face Reconstruction with Rich Reflectance using Self-supervised Learning and Ray Tracing29 Mar 2021
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
- 2022Learning to Relight Portrait Images via a Virtual Light Stage and Synthetic-to-Real Adaptationcited by 67
- 2021AvatarMe++: Facial Shape and BRDF Inference with Photorealistic Rendering-Aware GANscited by 49
- 2021Towards High Fidelity Monocular Face Reconstruction with Rich Reflectance using Self-supervised Learning and Ray Tracingcited by 48
- 2023FitMe: Deep Photorealistic 3D Morphable Model Avatarscited by 38
- 2022High-Res Facial Appearance Capture from Polarized Smartphone Imagescited by 21
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Datacited by 20
- 2023MoSAR: Monocular Semi-Supervised Model for Avatar Reconstruction using Differentiable Shadingcited by 18
- 2022S2F2: Self-Supervised High Fidelity Face Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 17
- 2023Single-Shot Implicit Morphable Faces with Consistent Texture Parameterizationcited by 16
- 2023High-Quality Facial Geometry and Appearance Capture at Homecited by 9
- 2023Makeup Extraction of 3D Representation via Illumination-Aware Image Decompositioncited by 8
12 most cited of 32 All 32 (JSON)
- 2026Learning a Delighting Prior for Facial Appearance Capture in the Wild7 May 2026
- 2026Skullptor: High Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction in Seconds with Multi-View Normal Prediction24 Feb 2026
- 2026RelightAnyone: A Generalized Relightable 3D Gaussian Head Model6 Jan 2026
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texture18 Dec 2025
- 2025WildCap: Facial Albedo Capture in the Wild via Hybrid Inverse Rendering12 Dec 2025
- 2025Does Head Pose Correction Improve Biometric Facial Recognition?2 Dec 2025
- 2025VGGTFace: Topologically Consistent Facial Geometry Reconstruction in the Wild25 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving Facial Rig Semantics for Tracking and Retargeting11 Aug 2025
- 2025High-Quality Facial Albedo Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image using a Coarse-to-Fine Approach16 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploiting Multiple Representations: 3D Face Biometrics Fusion with Application to Surveillance26 Apr 2025
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategy21 Mar 2025
- 20253D Engine-ready Photorealistic Avatars via Dynamic Textures19 Mar 2025
12 newest of 32 All 32 (JSON)