Riggable 3D Face Reconstruction via In-Network Optimization
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a method for riggable 3D face reconstruction from monocular images, which jointly estimates a personalized face rig and per-image parameters including expressions, poses, and illuminations. To achieve this goal, we design an end-to-end trainable network embedded with a differentiable in-network optimization. The network first parameterizes the face rig as a compact latent code with a neural decoder, and then estimates the latent code as well as per-image parameters via a learnable optimization. By estimating a personalized face rig, our method goes beyond static reconstructions and enables downstream applications such as video retargeting. In-network optimization explicitly enforces constraints derived from the first principles, thus introduces additional priors than regression-based methods. Finally, data-driven priors from deep learning are utilized to constrain the ill-posed monocular setting and ease the optimization difficulty. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves SOTA reconstruction accuracy, reasonable robustness and generalization ability, and supports standard face rig applications.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2021.
Builds on
25 of 51 references.
References · 25
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- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
- 2018VoxCeleb2: Deep Speaker Recognitioncited by 862
- 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 717
- 2017How far are we from solving the 2D & 3D Face Alignment problem? (and a dataset of 230,000 3D facial landmarks)cited by 524
- 2019Accurate 3D Face Reconstruction with Weakly-Supervised Learning: From Single Image to Image Setcited by 481
- 20193D Morphable Face Models -- Past, Present and Futurecited by 269
- 2020FaceScape: a Large-scale High Quality 3D Face Dataset and Detailed Riggable 3D Face Predictioncited by 196
- 2018Joint 3D Face Reconstruction and Dense Alignment with Position Map Regression Networkcited by 195
- 2019Learning to Regress 3D Face Shape and Expression from an Image without 3D Supervisioncited by 176
- 2018BA-Net: Dense Bundle Adjustment Networkcited by 173
- 2018Deep Appearance Models for Face Renderingcited by 164
13 more
- 2018CodeSLAM - Learning a Compact, Optimisable Representation for Dense Visual SLAMcited by 151
- 2017SfSNet: Learning Shape, Reflectance and Illuminance of Faces in the Wildcited by 110
- 2016Regressing Robust and Discriminative 3D Morphable Models with a very Deep Neural Networkcited by 109
- 2018Unsupervised Training for 3D Morphable Model Regressioncited by 99
- 2017Self-supervised Multi-level Face Model Learning for Monocular Reconstruction at over 250 Hzcited by 91
- 2019Towards High-fidelity Nonlinear 3D Face Morphable Modelcited by 91
- 2018FML: Face Model Learning from Videoscited by 78
- 2020Self-Supervised Monocular 3D Face Reconstruction by Occlusion-Aware Multi-view Geometry Consistencycited by 78
- 20163D Face Reconstruction by Learning from Synthetic Datacited by 64
- 2017Unrestricted Facial Geometry Reconstruction Using Image-to-Image Translationcited by 56
- 2018On Learning 3D Face Morphable Model from In-the-wild Imagescited by 54
- 2020Personalized Face Modeling for Improved Face Reconstruction and Motion Retargetingcited by 27
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 7; 2023: 7; 2024: 10; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
31 papers.
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- 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 230
- 2022Reconstructing Personalized Semantic Facial NeRF Models From Monocular Videocited by 128
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
- 20243D Gaussian Blendshapes for Head Avatar Animationcited by 58
- 2023Learning Personalized High Quality Volumetric Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 44
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2022Towards Racially Unbiased Skin Tone Estimation via Scene Disambiguationcited by 32
- 2025RGBAvatar: Reduced Gaussian Blendshapes for Online Modeling of Head Avatarscited by 27
- 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC) for Various Data Modalities: A Surveycited by 25
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Datacited by 20
19 more
- 2022Detailed Facial Geometry Recovery from Multi-View Images by Learning an Implicit Functioncited by 14
- 2022Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Imagecited by 9
- 2024Makeup Prior Models for 3D Facial Makeup Estimation and Applicationscited by 7
- 2024SplatFace: Gaussian Splat Face Reconstruction Leveraging an Optimizable Surfacecited by 7
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategycited by 7
- 2023ASM: Adaptive Skinning Model for High-Quality 3D Face Modelingcited by 6
- 2024Monocular Identity-Conditioned Facial Reflectance Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2021Implicit Neural Deformation for Sparse-View Face Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2024MagicMirror: Fast and High-Quality Avatar Generation with a Constrained Search Spacecited by 4
- 2023Disjoint Pose and Shape for 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2023INFAMOUS-NeRF: ImproviNg FAce MOdeling Using Semantically-Aligned Hypernetworks with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 3
- 2024An Implicit Physical Face Model Driven by Expression and Stylecited by 3
- 2024High-Fidelity Facial Albedo Estimation via Texture Quantizationcited by 2
- 2024LightAvatar: Efficient Head Avatar as Dynamic Neural Light Fieldcited by 1
- 20253D Face Reconstruction Error Decomposed: A Modular Benchmark for Fair and Fast Method Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026Monocular Avatar Reconstruction via Cascaded Diffusion Priors and UV-Space Differentiable Shadingcited by 1
- 2023HeadRecon: High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 0
- 2024End to End Face Reconstruction via Differentiable PnPcited by 0
- 2026MGAvatar: Mesh-Bound Gaussians for Head Avatar Geometry and Appearance Modelingcited by 0
- 2026MGAvatar: Mesh-Bound Gaussians for Head Avatar Geometry and Appearance Modeling11 Sep 2026
- 2026Monocular Avatar Reconstruction via Cascaded Diffusion Priors and UV-Space Differentiable Shading26 Jun 2026
- 20253D Face Reconstruction Error Decomposed: A Modular Benchmark for Fair and Fast Method Evaluation23 May 2025
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategy21 Mar 2025
- 2025RGBAvatar: Reduced Gaussian Blendshapes for Online Modeling of Head Avatars17 Mar 2025
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hassle15 Oct 2024
- 2024LightAvatar: Efficient Head Avatar as Dynamic Neural Light Field26 Sep 2024
- 2024End to End Face Reconstruction via Differentiable PnP21 Sep 2024
- 2024High-Fidelity Facial Albedo Estimation via Texture Quantization19 Jun 2024
- 20243D Gaussian Blendshapes for Head Avatar Animation30 Apr 2024
- 2024MagicMirror: Fast and High-Quality Avatar Generation with a Constrained Search Space1 Apr 2024
- 2024Monocular Identity-Conditioned Facial Reflectance Reconstruction30 Mar 2024
19 more
- 2024SplatFace: Gaussian Splat Face Reconstruction Leveraging an Optimizable Surface27 Mar 2024
- 2024Makeup Prior Models for 3D Facial Makeup Estimation and Applications26 Mar 2024
- 2024An Implicit Physical Face Model Driven by Expression and Style27 Jan 2024
- 2023INFAMOUS-NeRF: ImproviNg FAce MOdeling Using Semantically-Aligned Hypernetworks with Neural Radiance Fields23 Dec 2023
- 2023HeadRecon: High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstruction from Monocular Video14 Dec 2023
- 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC) for Various Data Modalities: A Survey27 Aug 2023
- 2023Disjoint Pose and Shape for 3D Face Reconstruction26 Aug 2023
- 2023ASM: Adaptive Skinning Model for High-Quality 3D Face Modeling19 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning Personalized High Quality Volumetric Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videos4 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Data21 Mar 2023
- 2022Reconstructing Personalized Semantic Facial NeRF Models From Monocular Video12 Oct 2022
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognition20 Jul 2022
- 2022Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Image9 May 2022
- 2022Towards Racially Unbiased Skin Tone Estimation via Scene Disambiguation8 May 2022
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarks6 Apr 2022
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstruction18 Mar 2022
- 2022Detailed Facial Geometry Recovery from Multi-View Images by Learning an Implicit Function4 Jan 2022
- 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videos14 Dec 2021
- 2021Implicit Neural Deformation for Sparse-View Face Reconstruction5 Dec 2021
- 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 230
- 2022Reconstructing Personalized Semantic Facial NeRF Models From Monocular Videocited by 128
- 20223D face reconstruction with dense landmarkscited by 70
- 20243D Gaussian Blendshapes for Head Avatar Animationcited by 58
- 2023Learning Personalized High Quality Volumetric Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 44
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2022Towards Racially Unbiased Skin Tone Estimation via Scene Disambiguationcited by 32
- 2025RGBAvatar: Reduced Gaussian Blendshapes for Online Modeling of Head Avatarscited by 27
- 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC) for Various Data Modalities: A Surveycited by 25
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023Learning a 3D Morphable Face Reflectance Model from Low-cost Datacited by 20
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026MGAvatar: Mesh-Bound Gaussians for Head Avatar Geometry and Appearance Modeling11 Sep 2026
- 20253D Face Reconstruction Error Decomposed: A Modular Benchmark for Fair and Fast Method Evaluation23 May 2025
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategy21 Mar 2025
- 2025RGBAvatar: Reduced Gaussian Blendshapes for Online Modeling of Head Avatars17 Mar 2025
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hassle15 Oct 2024
- 2024LightAvatar: Efficient Head Avatar as Dynamic Neural Light Field26 Sep 2024
- 2024End to End Face Reconstruction via Differentiable PnP21 Sep 2024
- 2024High-Fidelity Facial Albedo Estimation via Texture Quantization19 Jun 2024
- 20243D Gaussian Blendshapes for Head Avatar Animation30 Apr 2024
- 2024MagicMirror: Fast and High-Quality Avatar Generation with a Constrained Search Space1 Apr 2024
- 2024Monocular Identity-Conditioned Facial Reflectance Reconstruction30 Mar 2024
- 2024SplatFace: Gaussian Splat Face Reconstruction Leveraging an Optimizable Surface27 Mar 2024
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)