FreiHAND: A Dataset for Markerless Capture of Hand Pose and Shape from Single RGB Images
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Abstract (arXiv)
Estimating 3D hand pose from single RGB images is a highly ambiguous problem that relies on an unbiased training dataset. In this paper, we analyze cross-dataset generalization when training on existing datasets. We find that approaches perform well on the datasets they are trained on, but do not generalize to other datasets or in-the-wild scenarios. As a consequence, we introduce the first large-scale, multi-view hand dataset that is accompanied by both 3D hand pose and shape annotations. For annotating this real-world dataset, we propose an iterative, semi-automated `human-in-the-loop' approach, which includes hand fitting optimization to infer both the 3D pose and shape for each sample. We show that methods trained on our dataset consistently perform well when tested on other datasets. Moreover, the dataset allows us to train a network that predicts the full articulated hand shape from a single RGB image. The evaluation set can serve as a benchmark for articulated hand shape estimation.
Key facts. Cited by 271 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 43; 2022: 48; 2023: 66; 2024: 44; 2025: 35; 2026: 35.
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- 2021Transformers in Vision: A Surveycited by 1,009
- 2022HOI4D: A 4D Egocentric Dataset for Category-Level Human-Object Interactioncited by 321
- 2021DexYCB: A Benchmark for Capturing Hand Grasping of Objectscited by 320
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
- 2022ARCTIC: A Dataset for Dexterous Bimanual Hand-Object Manipulationcited by 306
- 2023Reconstructing Hands in 3D with Transformerscited by 298
- 2023TAPIR: Tracking Any Point with per-frame Initialization and temporal Refinementcited by 281
- 2021Mesh Graphormercited by 264
- 2021H2O: Two Hands Manipulating Objects for First Person Interaction Recognitioncited by 251
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
- 2021DexMV: Imitation Learning for Dexterous Manipulation from Human Videoscited by 194
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
38 more
- 2023FastViT: A Fast Hybrid Vision Transformer using Structural Reparameterizationcited by 161
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 152
- 2024DexCap: Scalable and Portable Mocap Data Collection System for Dexterous Manipulationcited by 149
- 2021Semi-Supervised 3D Hand-Object Poses Estimation with Interactions in Timecited by 140
- 2021ContactOpt: Optimizing Contact to Improve Graspscited by 137
- 2021Collaborative Regression of Expressive Bodies using Moderationcited by 137
- 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 128
- 2021Keypoint Transformer: Solving Joint Identification in Challenging Hands and Object Interactions for Accurate 3D Pose Estimationcited by 122
- 2024HOT3D: Hand and Object Tracking in 3D from Egocentric Multi-View Videoscited by 122
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
- 2023TeCH: Text-guided Reconstruction of Lifelike Clothed Humanscited by 104
- 2021Neural Parts: Learning Expressive 3D Shape Abstractions with Invertible Neural Networkscited by 101
- 2022VideoDex: Learning Dexterity from Internet Videoscited by 101
- 2022Interacting Attention Graph for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 87
- 2022Cross-Attention of Disentangled Modalities for 3D Human Mesh Recovery with Transformerscited by 81
- 2022Robotic Telekinesis: Learning a Robotic Hand Imitator by Watching Humans on Youtubecited by 79
- 2024OAKINK2: A Dataset of Bimanual Hands-Object Manipulation in Complex Task Completioncited by 78
- 2021ArtiBoost: Boosting Articulated 3D Hand-Object Pose Estimation via Online Exploration and Synthesiscited by 76
- 2021MobRecon: Mobile-Friendly Hand Mesh Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 74
- 2022TOCH: Spatio-Temporal Object-to-Hand Correspondence for Motion Refinementcited by 69
- 2021Model-based 3D Hand Reconstruction via Self-Supervised Learningcited by 65
- 2023AssemblyHands: Towards Egocentric Activity Understanding via 3D Hand Pose Estimationcited by 64
- 2022LISA: Learning Implicit Shape and Appearance of Handscited by 63
- 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 61
- 2021Camera-Space Hand Mesh Recovery via Semantic Aggregation and Adaptive 2D-1D Registrationcited by 59
- 2022MogaNet: Multi-order Gated Aggregation Networkcited by 59
- 2022AlignSDF: Pose-Aligned Signed Distance Fields for Hand-Object Reconstructioncited by 58
- 2021Towards unconstrained joint hand-object reconstruction from RGB videoscited by 57
- 2025ManipTrans: Efficient Dexterous Bimanual Manipulation Transfer via Residual Learningcited by 56
- 2022Collaborative Learning for Hand and Object Reconstruction with Attention-guided Graph Convolutioncited by 54
- 2024ParaHome: Parameterizing Everyday Home Activities Towards 3D Generative Modeling of Human-Object Interactionscited by 54
- 2021I2UV-HandNet: Image-to-UV Prediction Network for Accurate and High-fidelity 3D Hand Mesh Modelingcited by 52
- 2023ContactGen: Generative Contact Modeling for Grasp Generationcited by 52
- 2022UmeTrack: Unified multi-view end-to-end hand tracking for VRcited by 48
- 2023HybrIK-X: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Whole-body Mesh Recoverycited by 48
- 2023Global-to-Local Modeling for Video-based 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 46
- 2024Introducing HOT3D: An Egocentric Dataset for 3D Hand and Object Trackingcited by 46
- 2024Hamba: Single-view 3D Hand Reconstruction with Graph-guided Bi-Scanning Mambacited by 45
50 most cited of 271 All 271 (JSON)
- 2026ESTHER: Egocentric Stereo Hand Estimation and Reconstruction in the Wild28 Sep 2026
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026Mudragen: Geometrically Supervised Generation of Interacting Two-Hand Mudras for Preserving Indian Classical Dance Heritage3 Sep 2026
- 2026TransHands: Repurposing Human Pose Encoders as Hand Pose Encoders23 Aug 2026
- 2026ACE-Ego-Hand: Repurposing Video Diffusion Models for Occlusion-Robust Egocentric 3D Hand Motion Recovery20 Aug 2026
- 2026DigitCode: Symbolic Tokenization of Hand Motion by Anatomical Units4 Aug 2026
- 2026Hand-Object Interaction in the Age of Large Foundation Models:Reconstruction, Generation, and Embodied Transfer30 Jul 2026
- 2026Human4K: A Large-Scale 4K Multi-View Mocap Dataset for Whole-Body 3D Human Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026Revisiting Euler-Angle Regression with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks10 Jul 2026
- 2026WristMimic: Full-Body Humanoid Control with Wrist-Guided Manipulation7 Jul 2026
- 2026Biomechanics-aware Multi-view Markerless Motion Capture of Dexterous Hand Movements2 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards in-the-wild Egocentric 3D Hand-Object Pose Estimation29 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026ScaleHP: Scale-Mediated Optimization of Coupled Errors for Metric-Space Hand Pose Estimation24 Jun 2026
- 2026VEPHand: View-Efficient Photometric Hand Performance Capture at Scale14 Jun 2026
- 2026GesVLA: Gesture-Aware Vision-Language-Action Model Embedded Representations21 May 2026
- 2026REACH: Hand Pose Estimation from Room Corners21 May 2026
- 2026AVI-HT: Adaptive Vision-IMU Fusion for 3D Hand Tracking20 May 2026
- 2026UST-Hand: An Uncertainty-aware Spatiotemporal Point Cloud Interaction Network for 3D Self-supervised Hand Pose Estimation18 May 2026
- 2026GeoHand: Unlocking Prior Geometry Knowledge for Monocular 3D Hand Reconstruction17 May 2026
- 2026Tamaththul3D: High-Fidelity 3D Saudi Sign Language Avatars from Monocular Video6 May 2026
- 2026Robust Camera-to-Mocap Calibration and Verification for Large-Scale Multi-Camera Data Capture23 Apr 2026
- 2026Prompt-to-Gesture: Measuring the Capabilities of Image-to-Video Deictic Gesture Generation16 Apr 2026
- 2026HRDexDB: A 4D Dexterous Grasping Dataset Across Human and Multiple Robot Embodiments16 Apr 2026
- 2026THOM: Generating Physically Plausible Hand-Object Meshes From Text3 Apr 2026
- 2026AnyHand: A Large-Scale Synthetic Dataset for RGB(-D) Hand Pose Estimation26 Mar 2026
- 2026HGGT: Robust and Flexible 3D Hand Mesh Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Images25 Mar 2026
- 2026GenHOI: Generalized Hand-Object Pose Estimation with Occlusion Awareness19 Mar 2026
- 2026Gesture-Aware Pretraining and Token Fusion for 3D Hand Pose Estimation18 Mar 2026
- 2026Fast-HaMeR: Boosting Hand Mesh Reconstruction using Knowledge Distillation17 Mar 2026
- 2026Fast SAM 3D Body: Accelerating SAM 3D Body for Real-Time Full-Body Human Mesh Recovery16 Mar 2026
- 2026Do Foundation Models Know Geometry? Probing Frozen Features for Continuous Physical Measurement6 Mar 2026
- 2026SesaHand: Enhancing 3D Hand Reconstruction via Controllable Generation with Semantic and Structural Alignment28 Feb 2026
- 2026WHOLE: World-Grounded Hand-Object Lifted from Egocentric Videos25 Feb 2026
- 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recovery17 Feb 2026
- 2026A Multi-View Pipeline and Benchmark Dataset for 3D Hand Pose Estimation in Surgery22 Jan 2026
- 2025DF-Mamba: Deformable State Space Modeling for 3D Hand Pose Estimation in Interactions2 Dec 2025
- 2025PALM: A Dataset and Baseline for Learning Multi-subject Hand Prior7 Nov 2025
- 2025SPLite Hand: Sparsity-Aware Lightweight 3D Hand Pose Estimation18 Oct 2025
- 2025DexCanvas: Bridging Human Demonstrations and Robot Learning for Dexterous Manipulation17 Oct 2025
- 2025HandEval: Taking the First Step Towards Hand Quality Evaluation in Generated Images10 Oct 2025
- 2025Cascaded Diffusion Framework for Probabilistic Coarse-to-Fine Hand Pose Estimation1 Oct 2025
- 2025Fitting Image Diffusion Models on Video Datasets4 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning Correlation-aware Aleatoric Uncertainty for 3D Hand Pose Estimation1 Sep 2025
- 2025Enhancing Monocular 3D Hand Reconstruction with Learned Texture Priors13 Aug 2025
- 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Prior1 Aug 2025
- 2025emg2tendon: From sEMG Signals to Tendon Control in Musculoskeletal Hands29 Jul 2025
- 2025Quaternion-Based Robust PCA for Efficient Moving Target Detection and Background Recovery in Color Videos26 Jul 2025
- 2025Visuo-Acoustic Hand Pose and Contact Estimation13 Jul 2025
- 2025EHPE: A Segmented Architecture for Enhanced Hand Pose Estimation13 Jul 2025
- 20253D Hand Mesh-Guided AI-Generated Malformed Hand Refinement with Hand Pose Transformation via Diffusion Model15 Jun 2025
50 newest of 271 All 271 (JSON)
- 2023TeCH: Text-guided Reconstruction of Lifelike Clothed Humanscited by 104
- 2023HandRefiner: Refining Malformed Hands in Generated Images by Diffusion-based Conditional Inpaintingcited by 42
- 2024InterHandGen: Two-Hand Interaction Generation via Cascaded Reverse Diffusioncited by 28
- 2024HHMR: Holistic Hand Mesh Recovery by Enhancing the Multimodal Controllability of Graph Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2023HandDiffuse: Generative Controllers for Two-Hand Interactions via Diffusion Modelscited by 13
- 2024Giving a Hand to Diffusion Models: a Two-Stage Approach to Improving Conditional Human Image Generationcited by 13
- 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Priorcited by 13
- 2023DiffHand: End-to-End Hand Mesh Reconstruction via Diffusion Modelscited by 7
- 2024DiffSurf: A Transformer-based Diffusion Model for Generating and Reconstructing 3D Surfaces in Posecited by 2
- 2026ACE-Ego-Hand: Repurposing Video Diffusion Models for Occlusion-Robust Egocentric 3D Hand Motion Recoverycited by 1
- 20253D Hand Mesh-Guided AI-Generated Malformed Hand Refinement with Hand Pose Transformation via Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2025Fitting Image Diffusion Models on Video Datasetscited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026ACE-Ego-Hand: Repurposing Video Diffusion Models for Occlusion-Robust Egocentric 3D Hand Motion Recovery20 Aug 2026
- 2025Cascaded Diffusion Framework for Probabilistic Coarse-to-Fine Hand Pose Estimation1 Oct 2025
- 2025Fitting Image Diffusion Models on Video Datasets4 Sep 2025
- 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Prior1 Aug 2025
- 20253D Hand Mesh-Guided AI-Generated Malformed Hand Refinement with Hand Pose Transformation via Diffusion Model15 Jun 2025
- 2024DiffSurf: A Transformer-based Diffusion Model for Generating and Reconstructing 3D Surfaces in Pose27 Aug 2024
- 2024HHMR: Holistic Hand Mesh Recovery by Enhancing the Multimodal Controllability of Graph Diffusion Models3 Jun 2024
- 2024InterHandGen: Two-Hand Interaction Generation via Cascaded Reverse Diffusion26 Mar 2024
- 2024Giving a Hand to Diffusion Models: a Two-Stage Approach to Improving Conditional Human Image Generation15 Mar 2024
- 2023HandDiffuse: Generative Controllers for Two-Hand Interactions via Diffusion Models8 Dec 2023
- 2023HandRefiner: Refining Malformed Hands in Generated Images by Diffusion-based Conditional Inpainting29 Nov 2023
- 2023TeCH: Text-guided Reconstruction of Lifelike Clothed Humans16 Aug 2023
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2021Transformers in Vision: A Surveycited by 1,009
- 2022HOI4D: A 4D Egocentric Dataset for Category-Level Human-Object Interactioncited by 321
- 2021DexYCB: A Benchmark for Capturing Hand Grasping of Objectscited by 320
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
- 2022ARCTIC: A Dataset for Dexterous Bimanual Hand-Object Manipulationcited by 306
- 2023Reconstructing Hands in 3D with Transformerscited by 298
- 2023TAPIR: Tracking Any Point with per-frame Initialization and temporal Refinementcited by 281
- 2021Mesh Graphormercited by 264
- 2021H2O: Two Hands Manipulating Objects for First Person Interaction Recognitioncited by 251
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
- 2023FastViT: A Fast Hybrid Vision Transformer using Structural Reparameterizationcited by 161
12 most cited of 252 All 252 (JSON)
- 2026ESTHER: Egocentric Stereo Hand Estimation and Reconstruction in the Wild28 Sep 2026
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026Mudragen: Geometrically Supervised Generation of Interacting Two-Hand Mudras for Preserving Indian Classical Dance Heritage3 Sep 2026
- 2026TransHands: Repurposing Human Pose Encoders as Hand Pose Encoders23 Aug 2026
- 2026DigitCode: Symbolic Tokenization of Hand Motion by Anatomical Units4 Aug 2026
- 2026Hand-Object Interaction in the Age of Large Foundation Models:Reconstruction, Generation, and Embodied Transfer30 Jul 2026
- 2026Human4K: A Large-Scale 4K Multi-View Mocap Dataset for Whole-Body 3D Human Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026Revisiting Euler-Angle Regression with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks10 Jul 2026
- 2026WristMimic: Full-Body Humanoid Control with Wrist-Guided Manipulation7 Jul 2026
- 2026Biomechanics-aware Multi-view Markerless Motion Capture of Dexterous Hand Movements2 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards in-the-wild Egocentric 3D Hand-Object Pose Estimation29 Jun 2026
- 2026ScaleHP: Scale-Mediated Optimization of Coupled Errors for Metric-Space Hand Pose Estimation24 Jun 2026
12 newest of 252 All 252 (JSON)