TokenSplat: Token-aligned 3D Gaussian Splatting for Feed-forward Pose-free Reconstruction
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present TokenSplat, a feed-forward framework for joint 3D Gaussian reconstruction and camera pose estimation from unposed multi-view images. At its core, TokenSplat introduces a Token-aligned Gaussian Prediction module that aligns semantically corresponding information across views directly in the feature space. Guided by coarse token positions and fusion confidence, it aggregates multi-scale contextual features to enable long-range cross-view reasoning and reduce redundancy from overlapping Gaussians. To further enhance pose robustness and disentangle viewpoint cues from scene semantics, TokenSplat employs learnable camera tokens and an Asymmetric Dual-Flow Decoder (ADF-Decoder) that enforces directionally constrained communication between camera and image tokens. This maintains clean factorization within a feed-forward architecture, enabling coherent reconstruction and stable pose estimation without iterative refinement. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TokenSplat achieves higher reconstruction fidelity and novel-view synthesis quality in pose-free settings, and significantly improves pose estimation accuracy compared to prior pose-free methods. Project page: https://kidleyh.github.io/tokensplat/.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2026.
Builds on
39 of 49 references.
References · 39
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
- 2024LGM: Large Multi-View Gaussian Model for High-Resolution 3D Content Creationcited by 730
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
27 more
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2023LightGlue: Local Feature Matching at Light Speedcited by 583
- 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
- 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 344
- 2024GRM: Large Gaussian Reconstruction Model for Efficient 3D Reconstruction and Generationcited by 298
- 2025MapAnything: Universal Feed-Forward Metric 3D Reconstructioncited by 295
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 275
- 2023Triplane Meets Gaussian Splatting: Fast and Generalizable Single-View 3D Reconstruction with Transformerscited by 257
- 2024No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 241
- 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
- 2024Splatt3R: Zero-shot Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Image Pairscited by 171
- 2023PF-LRM: Pose-Free Large Reconstruction Model for Joint Pose and Shape Predictioncited by 165
- 2024latentSplat: Autoencoding Variational Gaussians for Fast Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 114
- 2022GARF: Gaussian Activated Radiance Fields for High Fidelity Reconstruction and Pose Estimationcited by 86
- 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 86
- 2023MuRF: Multi-Baseline Radiance Fieldscited by 70
- 2023LEAP: Liberate Sparse-view 3D Modeling from Camera Posescited by 65
- 2023DBARF: Deep Bundle-Adjusting Generalizable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 60
- 2024PF3plat: Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 60
- 2024HiSplat: Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable Sparse-View Reconstructioncited by 55
- 2025VolSplat: Rethinking Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting with Voxel-Aligned Predictioncited by 41
- 2023FlowCam: Training Generalizable 3D Radiance Fields without Camera Poses via Pixel-Aligned Scene Flowcited by 38
- 2025No Pose at All: Self-Supervised Pose-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Viewscited by 38
- 2023Unifying Correspondence, Pose and NeRF for Pose-Free Novel View Synthesis from Stereo Pairscited by 37
- 2024PanSplat: 4K Panorama Synthesis with Feed-Forward Gaussian Splattingcited by 23
- 2025VicaSplat: A Single Run is All You Need for 3D Gaussian Splatting and Camera Estimation from Unposed Video Framescited by 15
- 2025Micro-macro Wavelet-based Gaussian Splatting for 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Imagescited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 13.
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- 2026SplatWeaver: Learning to Allocate Gaussian Primitives for Generalizable Novel View Synthesiscited by 2
- 2026Gau-Occ: Geometry-Completed Gaussians for Multi-Modal 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 1
- 2026PRISM: Feed-Forward Single-Image 3D Reconstruction via Geometric Warp-Residual Modelingcited by 1
- 2026QuerySplat: Decoupling Geometry and Appearance Representations in 3DGS Predictioncited by 1
- 2026Catalyst4D: High-Fidelity 3D-to-4D Scene Editing via Dynamic Propagationcited by 0
- 2026VG2GT: Voxel-Gaussian Splatting Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 0
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyondcited by 0
- 2026RoadVGGT: Road-Structure-Aware Feed-Forward Road Surface Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026StreamSplat: Streaming Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026LocusGS: Spatially Grounded Tokens for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Per-View Gaussian Predictions Enable Training-Free Distractor Filtering in Feed-Forward 3DGScited by 0
- 2026PhGS: Post-Hoc Pruning and Refinement of Single-View Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Reconstructionscited by 0
- 2026GrapeSplat: Geometry-Grounded Reconstruction via Amalgamated Pose-Free Encoding for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Sep 2026
- 2026PhGS: Post-Hoc Pruning and Refinement of Single-View Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Reconstructions17 Sep 2026
- 2026Per-View Gaussian Predictions Enable Training-Free Distractor Filtering in Feed-Forward 3DGS27 Aug 2026
- 2026LocusGS: Spatially Grounded Tokens for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting13 Aug 2026
- 2026StreamSplat: Streaming Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting3 Aug 2026
- 2026QuerySplat: Decoupling Geometry and Appearance Representations in 3DGS Prediction2 Aug 2026
- 2026RoadVGGT: Road-Structure-Aware Feed-Forward Road Surface Reconstruction26 Jul 2026
- 2026PRISM: Feed-Forward Single-Image 3D Reconstruction via Geometric Warp-Residual Modeling24 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyond22 Jun 2026
- 2026VG2GT: Voxel-Gaussian Splatting Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer1 Jun 2026
- 2026SplatWeaver: Learning to Allocate Gaussian Primitives for Generalizable Novel View Synthesis8 May 2026
- 2026Gau-Occ: Geometry-Completed Gaussians for Multi-Modal 3D Occupancy Prediction24 Mar 2026
1 more
- 2026SplatWeaver: Learning to Allocate Gaussian Primitives for Generalizable Novel View Synthesiscited by 2
- 2026Gau-Occ: Geometry-Completed Gaussians for Multi-Modal 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 1
- 2026QuerySplat: Decoupling Geometry and Appearance Representations in 3DGS Predictioncited by 1
- 2026Catalyst4D: High-Fidelity 3D-to-4D Scene Editing via Dynamic Propagationcited by 0
- 2026VG2GT: Voxel-Gaussian Splatting Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 0
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyondcited by 0
- 2026RoadVGGT: Road-Structure-Aware Feed-Forward Road Surface Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026StreamSplat: Streaming Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026LocusGS: Spatially Grounded Tokens for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Per-View Gaussian Predictions Enable Training-Free Distractor Filtering in Feed-Forward 3DGScited by 0
- 2026PhGS: Post-Hoc Pruning and Refinement of Single-View Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Reconstructionscited by 0
- 2026GrapeSplat: Geometry-Grounded Reconstruction via Amalgamated Pose-Free Encoding for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026GrapeSplat: Geometry-Grounded Reconstruction via Amalgamated Pose-Free Encoding for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Sep 2026
- 2026PhGS: Post-Hoc Pruning and Refinement of Single-View Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Reconstructions17 Sep 2026
- 2026Per-View Gaussian Predictions Enable Training-Free Distractor Filtering in Feed-Forward 3DGS27 Aug 2026
- 2026LocusGS: Spatially Grounded Tokens for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting13 Aug 2026
- 2026StreamSplat: Streaming Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting3 Aug 2026
- 2026QuerySplat: Decoupling Geometry and Appearance Representations in 3DGS Prediction2 Aug 2026
- 2026RoadVGGT: Road-Structure-Aware Feed-Forward Road Surface Reconstruction26 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyond22 Jun 2026
- 2026VG2GT: Voxel-Gaussian Splatting Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer1 Jun 2026
- 2026SplatWeaver: Learning to Allocate Gaussian Primitives for Generalizable Novel View Synthesis8 May 2026
- 2026Gau-Occ: Geometry-Completed Gaussians for Multi-Modal 3D Occupancy Prediction24 Mar 2026
- 2026Catalyst4D: High-Fidelity 3D-to-4D Scene Editing via Dynamic Propagation13 Mar 2026