mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Text-to-3D with Classifier Score Distillation

arXiv 2310.19415 ↗First posted 30 Oct 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.GRcited by 127

On the map: Diffusion models → 3D, point cloud and scene generation

Abstract (arXiv)

Text-to-3D generation has made remarkable progress recently, particularly with methods based on Score Distillation Sampling (SDS) that leverages pre-trained 2D diffusion models. While the usage of classifier-free guidance is well acknowledged to be crucial for successful optimization, it is considered an auxiliary trick rather than the most essential component. In this paper, we re-evaluate the role of classifier-free guidance in score distillation and discover a surprising finding: the guidance alone is enough for effective text-to-3D generation tasks. We name this method Classifier Score Distillation (CSD), which can be interpreted as using an implicit classification model for generation. This new perspective reveals new insights for understanding existing techniques. We validate the effectiveness of CSD across a variety of text-to-3D tasks including shape generation, texture synthesis, and shape editing, achieving results superior to those of state-of-the-art methods. Our project page is https://xinyu-andy.github.io/Classifier-Score-Distillation

Key facts. Cited by 127 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 34 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Oct 2023.

Builds on

34 of 40 references.

Closest ancestors · 8

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023DreamTime: An Improved Optimization Strategy for Diffusion-Guided 3D Generation21 Jun
  2. 2023HiFA: High-fidelity Text-to-3D Generation with Advanced Diffusion Guidance30 May
  3. 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillation25 May
  4. 2023Fantasia3D: Disentangling Geometry and Appearance for High-quality Text-to-3D Content Creation24 Mar
  5. 2023TEXTure: Text-Guided Texturing of 3D Shapes3 Feb
  6. 2022Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generation1 Dec
  7. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creation18 Nov
  8. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion29 Sep

Other references · 26

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  3. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  4. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  5. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  6. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  7. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  8. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  9. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
  10. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,466
  11. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
  12. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
14 more
  1. 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,388
  2. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  3. 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,145
  4. 2022eDiff-I: Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with an Ensemble of Expert Denoiserscited by 921
  5. 2021Zero-Shot Text-Guided Object Generation with Dream Fieldscited by 513
  6. 2022Latent-NeRF for Shape-Guided Generation of 3D Shapes and Texturescited by 506
  7. 2023Instruct-NeRF2NeRF: Editing 3D Scenes with Instructionscited by 482
  8. 2021Deep Marching Tetrahedra: a Hybrid Representation for High-Resolution 3D Shape Synthesiscited by 459
  9. 2020Modular Primitives for High-Performance Differentiable Renderingcited by 439
  10. 2021Text2Mesh: Text-Driven Neural Stylization for Meshescited by 332
  11. 2017Parallel WaveNet: Fast High-Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 214
  12. 2023Scalable 3D Captioning with Pretrained Modelscited by 201
  13. 2023DreamEditor: Text-Driven 3D Scene Editing with Neural Fieldscited by 154
  14. 2023Delta Denoising Scorecited by 120

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 58; 2025: 42; 2026: 15.

127 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
  2. 2024CRM: Single Image to 3D Textured Mesh with Convolutional Reconstruction Modelcited by 214
  3. 2023Align Your Gaussians: Text-to-4D with Dynamic 3D Gaussians and Composed Diffusion Modelscited by 169
  4. 2024VD3D: Taming Large Video Diffusion Transformers for 3D Camera Controlcited by 156
  5. 2024AC3D: Analyzing and Improving 3D Camera Control in Video Diffusion Transformerscited by 151
  6. 2024L4GM: Large 4D Gaussian Reconstruction Modelcited by 143
  7. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  8. 2024Pixel-level and Semantic-level Adjustable Super-resolution: A Dual-LoRA Approachcited by 93
  9. 2023HumanGaussian: Text-Driven 3D Human Generation with Gaussian Splattingcited by 89
  10. 2024TC4D: Trajectory-Conditioned Text-to-4D Generationcited by 76
  11. 2023EpiDiff: Enhancing Multi-View Synthesis via Localized Epipolar-Constrained Diffusioncited by 72
  12. 2024DreamScene: 3D Gaussian-based Text-to-3D Scene Generation via Formation Pattern Samplingcited by 72
38 more
  1. 2024SCube: Instant Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction using VoxSplatscited by 56
  2. 2024GVGEN: Text-to-3D Generation with Volumetric Representationcited by 51
  3. 2024DreamMat: High-quality PBR Material Generation with Geometry- and Light-aware Diffusion Modelscited by 50
  4. 2023UniDream: Unifying Diffusion Priors for Relightable Text-to-3D Generationcited by 47
  5. 2024TEXGen: a Generative Diffusion Model for Mesh Texturescited by 46
  6. 2024Score Distillation via Reparametrized DDIMcited by 41
  7. 2024Text-to-Image Rectified Flow as Plug-and-Play Priorscited by 38
  8. 2025Lyra: Generative 3D Scene Reconstruction via Video Diffusion Model Self-Distillationcited by 37
  9. 2024Rethinking Score Distillation as a Bridge Between Image Distributionscited by 36
  10. 2024GAF: Gaussian Avatar Reconstruction from Monocular Videos via Multi-view Diffusioncited by 36
  11. 2026Lyra 2.0: Explorable Generative 3D Worldscited by 36
  12. 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
  13. 2024GeoLRM: Geometry-Aware Large Reconstruction Model for High-Quality 3D Gaussian Generationcited by 35
  14. 2024MVInpainter: Learning Multi-View Consistent Inpainting to Bridge 2D and 3D Editingcited by 30
  15. 2025Decompositional Neural Scene Reconstruction with Generative Diffusion Priorcited by 30
  16. 2023Stable Score Distillation for High-Quality 3D Generationcited by 27
  17. 2024ScaleDreamer: Scalable Text-to-3D Synthesis with Asynchronous Score Distillationcited by 27
  18. 2024Photorealistic Object Insertion with Diffusion-Guided Inverse Renderingcited by 27
  19. 2025DreamDPO: Aligning Text-to-3D Generation with Human Preferences via Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 27
  20. 2024Controllable Text-to-3D Generation via Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
  21. 2024Layout-your-3D: Controllable and Precise 3D Generation with 2D Blueprintcited by 21
  22. 2024BrightDreamer: Generic 3D Gaussian Generative Framework for Fast Text-to-3D Synthesiscited by 20
  23. 2024Atlas3D: Physically Constrained Self-Supporting Text-to-3D for Simulation and Fabricationcited by 19
  24. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  25. 2024Connecting Consistency Distillation to Score Distillation for Text-to-3D Generationcited by 18
  26. 2025Flash-DMD: Towards High-Fidelity Few-Step Image Generation with Efficient Distillation and Joint Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
  27. 2024TAR3D: Creating High-Quality 3D Assets via Next-Part Predictioncited by 16
  28. 2023Adversarial Score Distillation: When score distillation meets GANcited by 15
  29. 20233DiFACE: Diffusion-based Speech-driven 3D Facial Animation and Editingcited by 15
  30. 2024PLA4D: Pixel-Level Alignments for Text-to-4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  31. 2024VividDreamer: Invariant Score Distillation For Hyper-Realistic Text-to-3D Generationcited by 15
  32. 20244Dynamic: Text-to-4D Generation with Hybrid Priorscited by 15
  33. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Score Distillation for Text-to-3D Generationcited by 14
  34. 2025Simulating the Real World: A Unified Survey of Multimodal Generative Modelscited by 14
  35. 2024Text-to-3D Shape Generationcited by 13
  36. 2024A Survey On Text-to-3D Contents Generation In The Wildcited by 13
  37. 2024DreamPolisher: Towards High-Quality Text-to-3D Generation via Geometric Diffusioncited by 12
  38. 2024DreamWaltz-G: Expressive 3D Gaussian Avatars from Skeleton-Guided 2D Diffusioncited by 12

50 most cited of 127 All 127 (JSON)

Similar, not cited

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  1. 2024A Quantitative Evaluation of Score Distillation Sampling Based Text-to-3D
  2. 2025Text-to-3D Generation using Jensen-Shannon Score Distillation
  3. 2024Semantic Score Distillation Sampling for Compositional Text-to-3D Generation
  4. 2023Noise-Free Score Distillation
  5. 2024Geometry-Aware Score Distillation via 3D Consistent Noising and Gradient Consistency Modeling
  6. 2024Consistent3D: Towards Consistent High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation with Deterministic Sampling Prior
  7. 20234D-fy: Text-to-4D Generation Using Hybrid Score Distillation Sampling
  8. 2024DreamPolish: Domain Score Distillation With Progressive Geometry Generation