Segment Anything in 3D with Radiance Fields
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Abstract (arXiv)
The Segment Anything Model (SAM) emerges as a powerful vision foundation model to generate high-quality 2D segmentation results. This paper aims to generalize SAM to segment 3D objects. Rather than replicating the data acquisition and annotation procedure which is costly in 3D, we design an efficient solution, leveraging the radiance field as a cheap and off-the-shelf prior that connects multi-view 2D images to the 3D space. We refer to the proposed solution as SA3D, short for Segment Anything in 3D. With SA3D, the user is only required to provide a 2D segmentation prompt (e.g., rough points) for the target object in a single view, which is used to generate its corresponding 2D mask with SAM. Next, SA3D alternately performs mask inverse rendering and cross-view self-prompting across various views to iteratively refine the 3D mask of the target object. For one view, mask inverse rendering projects the 2D mask obtained by SAM into the 3D space with guidance of the density distribution learned by the radiance field for 3D mask refinement; Then, cross-view self-prompting extracts reliable prompts automatically as the input to SAM from the rendered 2D mask of the inaccurate 3D mask for a new view. We show in experiments that SA3D adapts to various scenes and achieves 3D segmentation within seconds. Our research reveals a potential methodology to lift the ability of a 2D segmentation model to 3D. Our code is available at https://github.com/Jumpat/SegmentAnythingin3D.
Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 74 of its 123 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2023.
Builds on
74 of 123 references.
References · 74
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- 2021Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentationcited by 2,351
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
- 2015SegNet: A Deep Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Image Segmentationcited by 1,487
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- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,280
- 2021Per-Pixel Classification is Not All You Need for Semantic Segmentationcited by 1,152
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 904
- 2021Segmenter: Transformer for Semantic Segmentationcited by 855
- 2018Panoptic Segmentationcited by 802
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
- 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
- 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 559
- 2023Segment Everything Everywhere All at Oncecited by 548
- 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 543
- 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 511
- 2020Searching Efficient 3D Architectures with Sparse Point-Voxel Convolutioncited by 423
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- 2019Point-Voxel CNN for Efficient 3D Deep Learningcited by 343
- 2023ConceptFusion: Open-set Multimodal 3D Mappingcited by 304
- 2023Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Analysis: an Experimental Studycited by 291
- 2023Inpaint Anything: Segment Anything Meets Image Inpaintingcited by 233
- 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
- 2022Neural Feature Fusion Fields: 3D Distillation of Self-Supervised 2D Image Representationscited by 196
- 2022PLA: Language-Driven Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 177
- 2021Reviving Iterative Training with Mask Guidance for Interactive Segmentationcited by 163
- 2023Segment Anything Model (SAM) for Digital Pathology: Assess Zero-shot Segmentation on Whole Slide Imagingcited by 161
- 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
- 2022SPIn-NeRF: Multiview Segmentation and Perceptual Inpainting with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 144
- 2021NeSF: Neural Semantic Fields for Generalizable Semantic Segmentation of 3D Scenescited by 119
- 2022PartSLIP: Low-Shot Part Segmentation for 3D Point Clouds via Pretrained Image-Language Modelscited by 118
- 2020Cylinder3D: An Effective 3D Framework for Driving-scene LiDAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 112
- 2022SimpleClick: Interactive Image Segmentation with Simple Vision Transformerscited by 111
50 most cited of 74 All 74 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 22; 2024: 14; 2025: 14; 2026: 12.
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- 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 436
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 415
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 393
- 2023Personalize Segment Anything Model with One Shotcited by 250
- 2023RSPrompter: Learning to Prompt for Remote Sensing Instance Segmentation based on Visual Foundation Modelcited by 181
- 2023Segment Any 3D Gaussianscited by 161
- 2025PARTFIELD: Learning 3D Feature Fields for Part Segmentation and Beyondcited by 95
- 2023SAM on Medical Images: A Comprehensive Study on Three Prompt Modescited by 82
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learningcited by 75
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
- 2023Progressive3D: Progressively Local Editing for Text-to-3D Content Creation with Complex Semantic Promptscited by 52
- 2023Annotation-free Audio-Visual Segmentationcited by 46
38 more
- 2023SAM3D: Zero-Shot 3D Object Detection via Segment Anything Modelcited by 40
- 2023PartSLIP++: Enhancing Low-Shot 3D Part Segmentation via Multi-View Instance Segmentation and Maximum Likelihood Estimationcited by 37
- 2024Segment Any Meshcited by 37
- 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 37
- 2023TinySAM: Pushing the Envelope for Efficient Segment Anything Modelcited by 33
- 2024SAGD: Boundary-Enhanced Segment Anything in 3D Gaussian via Gaussian Decompositioncited by 30
- 2023RefSAM: Efficiently Adapting Segmenting Anything Model for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 25
- 2023DReg-NeRF: Deep Registration for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 21
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2024PartSTAD: 2D-to-3D Part Segmentation Task Adaptationcited by 18
- 2024HO-Gaussian: Hybrid Optimization of 3D Gaussian Splatting for Urban Scenescited by 16
- 2025Tackling View-Dependent Semantics in 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
- 20243DGS-CD: 3D Gaussian Splatting-based Change Detection for Physical Object Rearrangementcited by 15
- 2023Open-NeRF: Towards Open Vocabulary NeRF Decompositioncited by 13
- 2025Trace3D: Consistent Segmentation Lifting via Gaussian Instance Tracingcited by 13
- 2025GeoSAM2: Unleashing the Power of SAM2 for 3D Part Segmentationcited by 13
- 2024Unsupervised Discovery of Object-Centric Neural Fieldscited by 12
- 2024Large Generative Model Assisted 3D Semantic Communicationcited by 12
- 2025The NeRF Signature: Codebook-Aided Watermarking for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
- 2024Task-Aware Low-Rank Adaptation of Segment Anything Modelcited by 6
- 2023Towards AGI in Computer Vision: Lessons Learned from GPT and Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Scaling Face Interaction Graph Networks to Real World Scenescited by 5
- 2023Industrial Segment Anything -- a Case Study in Aircraft Manufacturing, Intralogistics, Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaulcited by 4
- 2023ProSGNeRF: Progressive Dynamic Neural Scene Graph with Frequency Modulated Foundation Model in Urban Scenescited by 3
- 2025SAGOnline: Segment Any Gaussians Onlinecited by 3
- 2025GS-Checker: Tampering Localization for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
- 2026Space-Time Forecasting of Dynamic Scenes with Motion-aware Gaussian Groupingcited by 3
- 2023Completing Visual Objects via Bridging Generation and Segmentationcited by 2
- 2024SAMReg: SAM-enabled Image Registration with ROI-based Correspondencecited by 2
- 2024Efficient Semantic Splatting for Remote Sensing Multi-view Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025InvNeRF-Seg: Fine-Tuning a Pre-Trained NeRF for 3D Object Segmentationcited by 2
- 2026Taming Vision Priors for Data Efficient mmWave Channel Modelingcited by 2
- 2024TSGaussian: Semantic and Depth-Guided Target-Specific Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Viewscited by 1
- 2025Audio Visual Segmentation Through Text Embeddingscited by 1
- 2025IPENS:Interactive Unsupervised Framework for Rapid Plant Phenotyping Extraction via NeRF-SAM2 Fusioncited by 1
- 2026Scene-Agnostic Object-Centric Representation Learning for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2023Obj-NeRF: Extract Object NeRFs from Multi-view Imagescited by 0
- 2024CLAS: A Machine Learning Enhanced Framework for Exploring Large 3D Design Datasetscited by 0
50 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
- 2026Domain Adaptation of SAM 2.1 for Building-Component Segmentation in Image-Based 3D Reconstruction8 Oct 2026
- 2026Owner3D: Ownership-Guided Style Writing for Training-Free Localized 3D Stylization14 Aug 2026
- 2026LEGO: Leveled Language Gaussian Splatting10 Aug 2026
- 2026GaussianSelector: Lightweight Human-Guided Object Selection in 3D Gaussian Splatting with Graph Optimization2 Aug 2026
- 2026HAT-4D: Lifting Monocular Video for 4D Multi-Object Interactions via Human-Agent Collaboration26 Jun 2026
- 2026Robust Prior-Guided Segmentation for Editable 3D Gaussian Splatting15 May 2026
- 2026NG-GS: NeRF-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentation16 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene-Agnostic Object-Centric Representation Learning for 3D Gaussian Splatting10 Apr 2026
- 2026Taming Vision Priors for Data Efficient mmWave Channel Modeling11 Mar 2026
- 2026TrianguLang: Geometry-Aware Semantic Consensus for Pose-Free 3D Localization9 Mar 2026
- 2026Space-Time Forecasting of Dynamic Scenes with Motion-aware Gaussian Grouping25 Feb 2026
- 2026MV-SAM: Multi-view Promptable Segmentation using Pointmap Guidance25 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2025GS-Checker: Tampering Localization for 3D Gaussian Splatting25 Nov 2025
- 2025AegisRF: Adversarial Perturbations Guided with Sensitivity for Protecting Intellectual Property of Neural Radiance Fields22 Oct 2025
- 2025CrashSplat: 2D to 3D Vehicle Damage Segmentation in Gaussian Splatting28 Sep 2025
- 2025GeoSAM2: Unleashing the Power of SAM2 for 3D Part Segmentation19 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025SAGOnline: Segment Any Gaussians Online11 Aug 2025
- 2025Trace3D: Consistent Segmentation Lifting via Gaussian Instance Tracing5 Aug 2025
- 2025Tackling View-Dependent Semantics in 3D Language Gaussian Splatting30 May 2025
- 2025IPENS:Interactive Unsupervised Framework for Rapid Plant Phenotyping Extraction via NeRF-SAM2 Fusion19 May 2025
- 2025PARTFIELD: Learning 3D Feature Fields for Part Segmentation and Beyond15 Apr 2025
- 2025InvNeRF-Seg: Fine-Tuning a Pre-Trained NeRF for 3D Object Segmentation8 Apr 2025
- 2025SPNeRF: Open Vocabulary 3D Neural Scene Segmentation with Superpoints19 Mar 2025
- 2025The NeRF Signature: Codebook-Aided Watermarking for Neural Radiance Fields26 Feb 2025
- 2025Audio Visual Segmentation Through Text Embeddings22 Feb 2025
- 2024TSGaussian: Semantic and Depth-Guided Target-Specific Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Views13 Dec 2024
- 2024Efficient Semantic Splatting for Remote Sensing Multi-view Segmentation8 Dec 2024
- 2024CLAS: A Machine Learning Enhanced Framework for Exploring Large 3D Design Datasets4 Dec 2024
- 20243DGS-CD: 3D Gaussian Splatting-based Change Detection for Physical Object Rearrangement6 Nov 2024
- 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenes18 Oct 2024
- 2024SAMReg: SAM-enabled Image Registration with ROI-based Correspondence17 Oct 2024
- 2024Segment Any Mesh24 Aug 2024
- 2024HO-Gaussian: Hybrid Optimization of 3D Gaussian Splatting for Urban Scenes29 Mar 2024
- 2024Task-Aware Low-Rank Adaptation of Segment Anything Model16 Mar 2024
- 2024Large Generative Model Assisted 3D Semantic Communication9 Mar 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Discovery of Object-Centric Neural Fields12 Feb 2024
- 2024SAGD: Boundary-Enhanced Segment Anything in 3D Gaussian via Gaussian Decomposition31 Jan 2024
- 2024Scaling Face Interaction Graph Networks to Real World Scenes22 Jan 2024
- 2024PartSTAD: 2D-to-3D Part Segmentation Task Adaptation11 Jan 2024
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splatting26 Dec 2023
- 2023TinySAM: Pushing the Envelope for Efficient Segment Anything Model21 Dec 2023
- 2023ProSGNeRF: Progressive Dynamic Neural Scene Graph with Frequency Modulated Foundation Model in Urban Scenes14 Dec 2023
- 2023PartSLIP++: Enhancing Low-Shot 3D Part Segmentation via Multi-View Instance Segmentation and Maximum Likelihood Estimation5 Dec 2023
- 2023Segment Any 3D Gaussians1 Dec 2023
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenes1 Dec 2023
- 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPS28 Nov 2023
- 2023Obj-NeRF: Extract Object NeRFs from Multi-view Images26 Nov 2023
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learning20 Nov 2023
- 2023Open-NeRF: Towards Open Vocabulary NeRF Decomposition25 Oct 2023
50 newest of 62 All 62 (JSON)
- 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 436
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 415
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 393
- 2023Personalize Segment Anything Model with One Shotcited by 250
- 2023RSPrompter: Learning to Prompt for Remote Sensing Instance Segmentation based on Visual Foundation Modelcited by 181
- 2023Segment Any 3D Gaussianscited by 161
- 2025PARTFIELD: Learning 3D Feature Fields for Part Segmentation and Beyondcited by 95
- 2023SAM on Medical Images: A Comprehensive Study on Three Prompt Modescited by 82
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learningcited by 75
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
- 2023Annotation-free Audio-Visual Segmentationcited by 46
- 2023SAM3D: Zero-Shot 3D Object Detection via Segment Anything Modelcited by 40
12 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Domain Adaptation of SAM 2.1 for Building-Component Segmentation in Image-Based 3D Reconstruction8 Oct 2026
- 2026Owner3D: Ownership-Guided Style Writing for Training-Free Localized 3D Stylization14 Aug 2026
- 2026LEGO: Leveled Language Gaussian Splatting10 Aug 2026
- 2026GaussianSelector: Lightweight Human-Guided Object Selection in 3D Gaussian Splatting with Graph Optimization2 Aug 2026
- 2026HAT-4D: Lifting Monocular Video for 4D Multi-Object Interactions via Human-Agent Collaboration26 Jun 2026
- 2026Robust Prior-Guided Segmentation for Editable 3D Gaussian Splatting15 May 2026
- 2026NG-GS: NeRF-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentation16 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene-Agnostic Object-Centric Representation Learning for 3D Gaussian Splatting10 Apr 2026
- 2026Taming Vision Priors for Data Efficient mmWave Channel Modeling11 Mar 2026
- 2026TrianguLang: Geometry-Aware Semantic Consensus for Pose-Free 3D Localization9 Mar 2026
- 2026Space-Time Forecasting of Dynamic Scenes with Motion-aware Gaussian Grouping25 Feb 2026
- 2026MV-SAM: Multi-view Promptable Segmentation using Pointmap Guidance25 Jan 2026
12 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)