i3DMM: Deep Implicit 3D Morphable Model of Human Heads
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present the first deep implicit 3D morphable model (i3DMM) of full heads. Unlike earlier morphable face models it not only captures identity-specific geometry, texture, and expressions of the frontal face, but also models the entire head, including hair. We collect a new dataset consisting of 64 people with different expressions and hairstyles to train i3DMM. Our approach has the following favorable properties: (i) It is the first full head morphable model that includes hair. (ii) In contrast to mesh-based models it can be trained on merely rigidly aligned scans, without requiring difficult non-rigid registration. (iii) We design a novel architecture to decouple the shape model into an implicit reference shape and a deformation of this reference shape. With that, dense correspondences between shapes can be learned implicitly. (iv) This architecture allows us to semantically disentangle the geometry and color components, as color is learned in the reference space. Geometry is further disentangled as identity, expressions, and hairstyle, while color is disentangled as identity and hairstyle components. We show the merits of i3DMM using ablation studies, comparisons to state-of-the-art models, and applications such as semantic head editing and texture transfer. We will make our model publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 109 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 26; 2023: 32; 2024: 18; 2025: 14; 2026: 5.
109 papers.
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- 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 230
- 2023NeRSemble: Multi-view Radiance Field Reconstruction of Human Headscited by 190
- 2022Reconstructing Personalized Semantic Facial NeRF Models From Monocular Videocited by 128
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
- 2022Realistic One-shot Mesh-based Head Avatarscited by 119
- 2021Neural-GIF: Neural Generalized Implicit Functions for Animating People in Clothingcited by 102
- 2022Learning Dynamic Facial Radiance Fields for Few-Shot Talking Head Synthesiscited by 97
- 2021MoFaNeRF: Morphable Facial Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 94
- 2023AvatarReX: Real-time Expressive Full-body Avatarscited by 83
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
38 more
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesiscited by 81
- 2022Learning Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 73
- 2021A Shading-Guided Generative Implicit Model for Shape-Accurate 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 72
- 2023X-Avatar: Expressive Human Avatarscited by 66
- 2022ImFace: A Nonlinear 3D Morphable Face Model with Implicit Neural Representationscited by 64
- 2022LISA: Learning Implicit Shape and Appearance of Handscited by 63
- 2024Advances in 3D Generation: A Surveycited by 62
- 20243D Gaussian Blendshapes for Head Avatar Animationcited by 58
- 2022CaDeX: Learning Canonical Deformation Coordinate Space for Dynamic Surface Representation via Neural Homeomorphismcited by 56
- 2023LatentAvatar: Learning Latent Expression Code for Expressive Neural Head Avatarcited by 50
- 2024NPGA: Neural Parametric Gaussian Avatarscited by 46
- 2023RenderMe-360: A Large Digital Asset Library and Benchmarks Towards High-fidelity Head Avatarscited by 45
- 2023Learning Disentangled Avatars with Hybrid 3D Representationscited by 44
- 2022AUV-Net: Learning Aligned UV Maps for Texture Transfer and Synthesiscited by 39
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidancecited by 39
- 2022Hand Avatar: Free-Pose Hand Animation and Rendering from Monocular Videocited by 37
- 2023HAvatar: High-fidelity Head Avatar via Facial Model Conditioned Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 37
- 2023HHAvatar: Gaussian Head Avatar with Dynamic Hairscited by 35
- 2023MonoNPHM: Dynamic Head Reconstruction from Monocular Videoscited by 35
- 2021FaceScape: 3D Facial Dataset and Benchmark for Single-View 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 34
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2023High-Fidelity 3D Face Generation from Natural Language Descriptionscited by 32
- 2024SphereHead: Stable 3D Full-head Synthesis with Spherical Tri-plane Representationcited by 30
- 2025RGBAvatar: Reduced Gaussian Blendshapes for Online Modeling of Head Avatarscited by 27
- 2022JIFF: Jointly-aligned Implicit Face Function for High Quality Single View Clothed Human Reconstructioncited by 26
- 2024CloSe: A 3D Clothing Segmentation Dataset and Modelcited by 21
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Imagecited by 20
- 2023GANHead: Towards Generative Animatable Neural Head Avatarscited by 17
- 2023Single-Shot Implicit Morphable Faces with Consistent Texture Parameterizationcited by 16
- 2023Partition Speeds Up Learning Implicit Neural Representations Based on Exponential-Increase Hypothesiscited by 13
- 2022SIRA: Relightable Avatars from a Single Imagecited by 12
- 2022An Implicit Parametric Morphable Dental Modelcited by 12
- 2023FaceCLIPNeRF: Text-driven 3D Face Manipulation using Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 12
- 2024Learning Dynamic Tetrahedra for High-Quality Talking Head Synthesiscited by 12
- 20223DMM-RF: Convolutional Radiance Fields for 3D Face Modelingcited by 10
- 2023DPHMs: Diffusion Parametric Head Models for Depth-based Trackingcited by 10
- 2023ImFace++: A Sophisticated Nonlinear 3D Morphable Face Model with Implicit Neural Representationscited by 10
- 2024GPHM: Gaussian Parametric Head Model for Monocular Head Avatar Reconstructioncited by 10
50 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-Learning Expression Deformations for Data-Efficient Gaussian Avatars4 Jun 2026
- 2026Neu-PiG: Neural Preconditioned Grids for Fast Dynamic Surface Reconstruction on Long Sequences25 Feb 2026
- 2026From Blurry to Believable: Enhancing Low-quality Talking Heads with 3D Generative Priors5 Feb 2026
- 2026Spherical Geometry Diffusion: Generating High-quality 3D Face Geometry via Sphere-anchored Representations19 Jan 2026
- 2025Pix2NPHM: Learning to Regress NPHM Reconstructions From a Single Image19 Dec 2025
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texture18 Dec 2025
- 2025ImHead: A Large-scale Implicit Morphable Model for Localized Head Modeling12 Oct 2025
- 2025Preconditioned Deformation Grids22 Sep 2025
- 2025HyPlaneHead: Rethinking Tri-plane-like Representations in Full-Head Image Synthesis20 Sep 2025
- 2025Posterior shape models revisited: Improving 3D reconstructions from partial data using target specific models6 Sep 2025
- 2025GRMM: Real-Time High-Fidelity Gaussian Morphable Head Model with Learned Residuals2 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025EAvatar: Expression-Aware Head Avatar Reconstruction with Generative Geometry Priors19 Aug 2025
- 2025ToonifyGB: StyleGAN-based Gaussian Blendshapes for 3D Stylized Head Avatars15 May 2025
- 2025SpinMeRound: Consistent Multi-View Identity Generation Using Diffusion Models14 Apr 2025
- 2025FreeUV: Ground-Truth-Free Realistic Facial UV Texture Recovery via Cross-Assembly Inference Strategy21 Mar 2025
- 2025Controlling Avatar Diffusion with Learnable Gaussian Embedding20 Mar 2025
- 2025RGBAvatar: Reduced Gaussian Blendshapes for Online Modeling of Head Avatars17 Mar 2025
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Image11 Feb 2025
- 2024StrandHead: Text to Hair-Disentangled 3D Head Avatars Using Human-Centric Priors16 Dec 2024
- 2024TimeWalker: Personalized Neural Space for Lifelong Head Avatars3 Dec 2024
- 2024SPARK: Self-supervised Personalized Real-time Monocular Face Capture12 Sep 2024
- 2024GPHM: Gaussian Parametric Head Model for Monocular Head Avatar Reconstruction21 Jul 2024
- 2024FaceCom: Towards High-fidelity 3D Facial Shape Completion via Optimization and Inpainting Guidance4 Jun 2024
- 2024NPGA: Neural Parametric Gaussian Avatars29 May 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Quasi-Conformal Surface Registration for Partial 3D Faces Applied to Facial Recognition16 May 2024
- 20243D Gaussian Blendshapes for Head Avatar Animation30 Apr 2024
- 20243D Face Modeling via Weakly-supervised Disentanglement Network joint Identity-consistency Prior25 Apr 2024
- 2024SphereHead: Stable 3D Full-head Synthesis with Spherical Tri-plane Representation8 Apr 2024
- 2024SMIRK: 3D Facial Expressions through Analysis-by-Neural-Synthesis5 Apr 2024
- 2024Makeup Prior Models for 3D Facial Makeup Estimation and Applications26 Mar 2024
- 2024DynoSurf: Neural Deformation-based Temporally Consistent Dynamic Surface Reconstruction18 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Dynamic Tetrahedra for High-Quality Talking Head Synthesis27 Feb 2024
- 2024PEGASUS: Personalized Generative 3D Avatars with Composable Attributes16 Feb 2024
- 2024Advances in 3D Generation: A Survey31 Jan 2024
- 2024Media2Face: Co-speech Facial Animation Generation With Multi-Modality Guidance28 Jan 2024
- 2024CloSe: A 3D Clothing Segmentation Dataset and Model22 Jan 2024
- 2023INFAMOUS-NeRF: ImproviNg FAce MOdeling Using Semantically-Aligned Hypernetworks with Neural Radiance Fields23 Dec 2023
- 2023HeadCraft: Modeling High-Detail Shape Variations for Animated 3DMMs21 Dec 2023
- 2023Anatomically Constrained Implicit Face Models12 Dec 2023
- 2023MonoNPHM: Dynamic Head Reconstruction from Monocular Videos11 Dec 2023
- 2023SFDM: Robust Decomposition of Geometry and Reflectance for Realistic Face Rendering from Sparse-view Images11 Dec 2023
- 2023FitDiff: Robust monocular 3D facial shape and reflectance estimation using Diffusion Models7 Dec 2023
- 2023ImFace++: A Sophisticated Nonlinear 3D Morphable Face Model with Implicit Neural Representations7 Dec 2023
- 2023HHAvatar: Gaussian Head Avatar with Dynamic Hairs5 Dec 2023
- 2023DPHMs: Diffusion Parametric Head Models for Depth-based Tracking2 Dec 2023
- 2023CosAvatar: Consistent and Animatable Portrait Video Tuning with Text Prompt30 Nov 2023
- 2023Thera: Aliasing-Free Arbitrary-Scale Super-Resolution with Neural Heat Fields29 Nov 2023
- 2023Talking Head(?) Anime from a Single Image 4: Improved Model and Its Distillation29 Nov 2023
- 2023Partition Speeds Up Learning Implicit Neural Representations Based on Exponential-Increase Hypothesis22 Oct 2023
50 newest of 109 All 109 (JSON)
- 2023FitDiff: Robust monocular 3D facial shape and reflectance estimation using Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2025Controlling Avatar Diffusion with Learnable Gaussian Embeddingcited by 3
- 2025SpinMeRound: Consistent Multi-View Identity Generation Using Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Trackingcited by 0
- 2026ViDS: Video Diffusion Shader using 3D Face Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2025SpinMeRound: Consistent Multi-View Identity Generation Using Diffusion Models14 Apr 2025
- 2025Controlling Avatar Diffusion with Learnable Gaussian Embedding20 Mar 2025
- 2023FitDiff: Robust monocular 3D facial shape and reflectance estimation using Diffusion Models7 Dec 2023
- 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 230
- 2023NeRSemble: Multi-view Radiance Field Reconstruction of Human Headscited by 190
- 2022Reconstructing Personalized Semantic Facial NeRF Models From Monocular Videocited by 128
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
- 2022Realistic One-shot Mesh-based Head Avatarscited by 119
- 2021Neural-GIF: Neural Generalized Implicit Functions for Animating People in Clothingcited by 102
- 2022Learning Dynamic Facial Radiance Fields for Few-Shot Talking Head Synthesiscited by 97
- 2021MoFaNeRF: Morphable Facial Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 94
- 2023AvatarReX: Real-time Expressive Full-body Avatarscited by 83
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
12 most cited of 105 All 105 (JSON)
- 2026Self-Learning Expression Deformations for Data-Efficient Gaussian Avatars4 Jun 2026
- 2026Neu-PiG: Neural Preconditioned Grids for Fast Dynamic Surface Reconstruction on Long Sequences25 Feb 2026
- 2026From Blurry to Believable: Enhancing Low-quality Talking Heads with 3D Generative Priors5 Feb 2026
- 2026Spherical Geometry Diffusion: Generating High-quality 3D Face Geometry via Sphere-anchored Representations19 Jan 2026
- 2025Pix2NPHM: Learning to Regress NPHM Reconstructions From a Single Image19 Dec 2025
- 2025Using Gaussian Splats to Create High-Fidelity Facial Geometry and Texture18 Dec 2025
- 2025ImHead: A Large-scale Implicit Morphable Model for Localized Head Modeling12 Oct 2025
- 2025Preconditioned Deformation Grids22 Sep 2025
- 2025HyPlaneHead: Rethinking Tri-plane-like Representations in Full-Head Image Synthesis20 Sep 2025
- 2025Posterior shape models revisited: Improving 3D reconstructions from partial data using target specific models6 Sep 2025
- 2025GRMM: Real-Time High-Fidelity Gaussian Morphable Head Model with Learned Residuals2 Sep 2025
- 2025EAvatar: Expression-Aware Head Avatar Reconstruction with Generative Geometry Priors19 Aug 2025
12 newest of 105 All 105 (JSON)