TextOp: Real-time Interactive Text-Driven Humanoid Robot Motion Generation and Control
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in humanoid whole-body motion tracking have enabled the execution of diverse and highly coordinated motions on real hardware. However, existing controllers are commonly driven either by predefined motion trajectories, which offer limited flexibility when user intent changes, or by continuous human teleoperation, which requires constant human involvement and limits autonomy. This work addresses the problem of how to drive a universal humanoid controller in a real-time and interactive manner. We present TextOp, a real-time text-driven humanoid motion generation and control framework that supports streaming language commands and on-the-fly instruction modification during execution. TextOp adopts a two-level architecture in which a high-level autoregressive motion diffusion model continuously generates short-horizon kinematic trajectories conditioned on the current text input, while a low-level motion tracking policy executes these trajectories on a physical humanoid robot. By bridging interactive motion generation with robust whole-body control, TextOp unlocks free-form intent expression and enables smooth transitions across multiple challenging behaviors such as dancing and jumping, within a single continuous motion execution. Extensive real-robot experiments and offline evaluations demonstrate instant responsiveness, smooth whole-body motion, and precise control. The project page and the open-source code are available at https://text-op.github.io/
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 64 of its 73 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Feb 2026.
Builds on
64 of 73 references.
References · 64
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- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,208
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38 more
- 2024OmniH2O: Universal and Dexterous Human-to-Humanoid Whole-Body Teleoperation and Learningcited by 167
- 2025BeyondMimic: From Motion Tracking to Versatile Humanoid Control via Guided Diffusioncited by 128
- 2024World-Grounded Human Motion Recovery via Gravity-View Coordinatescited by 127
- 2024Learning Human-to-Humanoid Real-Time Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 112
- 2023Learning Agile Soccer Skills for a Bipedal Robot with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 111
- 2025TWIST: Teleoperated Whole-Body Imitation Systemcited by 86
- 2025SONIC: Supersizing Motion Tracking for Natural Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 83
- 2025MotionStreamer: Streaming Motion Generation via Diffusion-based Autoregressive Model in Causal Latent Spacecited by 82
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- 2025GMT: General Motion Tracking for Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 72
- 2025PromptHMR: Promptable Human Mesh Recoverycited by 70
- 2025HOMIE: Humanoid Loco-Manipulation with Isomorphic Exoskeleton Cockpitcited by 65
- 2025Retargeting Matters: General Motion Retargeting for Humanoid Motion Trackingcited by 60
- 2024MotionGPT-2: A General-Purpose Motion-Language Model for Motion Generation and Understandingcited by 58
- 2025Visual Imitation Enables Contextual Humanoid Controlcited by 57
- 2025OmniRetarget: Interaction-Preserving Data Generation for Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-Manipulation and Scene Interactioncited by 57
- 2024Taming Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Character Controlcited by 56
- 2023Interactive Character Control with Auto-Regressive Motion Diffusion Modelscited by 52
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- 2025SnapMoGen: Human Motion Generation from Expressive Textscited by 44
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 14.
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- 2026ECHO: Edge-Cloud Humanoid Orchestration for Language-to-Motion Controlcited by 4
- 2026SafeFlow: Real-Time Text-Driven Humanoid Whole-Body Control via Physics-Guided Rectified Flow and Selective Safety Gatingcited by 3
- 2026PhyGile: Physics-Prefix Guided Motion Generation for Agile General Humanoid Motion Trackingcited by 2
- 2026Scaling Behavior Foundation Model for Humanoid Robotscited by 2
- 2026PhysMoDPO: Physically-Plausible Humanoid Motion with Preference Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026IAM: Identity-Aware Human Motion and Shape Joint Generationcited by 1
- 2026MIND: Multi-Scale Intent Diffusion for Text-Driven Physics-Based Humanoid Controlcited by 1
- 2026ReactiveBFM: Reactive Closed-Loop Motion Planning Towards Universal Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 1
- 2026GenTrack: Physical Alignment for Robot-Native Motion Generation and Zero-Shot Humanoid Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Re2MoGen: Open-Vocabulary Motion Generation via LLM Reasoning and Physics-Aware Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Before the Body Moves: Learning Anticipatory Joint Intent for Language-Conditioned Humanoid Controlcited by 0
- 2026Sample, Simulate, Select: Physics-in-the-Loop Text-to-Motion for Humanoids Without Trainingcited by 0
2 more
- 2026ECHO-G: Embodied Co-speech Humanoid mOtion Generation30 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skills29 Sep 2026
- 2026Sample, Simulate, Select: Physics-in-the-Loop Text-to-Motion for Humanoids Without Training22 Sep 2026
- 2026GenTrack: Physical Alignment for Robot-Native Motion Generation and Zero-Shot Humanoid Tracking2 Aug 2026
- 2026Scaling Behavior Foundation Model for Humanoid Robots16 Jul 2026
- 2026ReactiveBFM: Reactive Closed-Loop Motion Planning Towards Universal Humanoid Whole-Body Control29 Jun 2026
- 2026MIND: Multi-Scale Intent Diffusion for Text-Driven Physics-Based Humanoid Control25 May 2026
- 2026Before the Body Moves: Learning Anticipatory Joint Intent for Language-Conditioned Humanoid Control14 May 2026
- 2026IAM: Identity-Aware Human Motion and Shape Joint Generation28 Apr 2026
- 2026Re2MoGen: Open-Vocabulary Motion Generation via LLM Reasoning and Physics-Aware Refinement20 Apr 2026
- 2026SafeFlow: Real-Time Text-Driven Humanoid Whole-Body Control via Physics-Guided Rectified Flow and Selective Safety Gating25 Mar 2026
- 2026ECHO: Edge-Cloud Humanoid Orchestration for Language-to-Motion Control17 Mar 2026
- 2026SafeFlow: Real-Time Text-Driven Humanoid Whole-Body Control via Physics-Guided Rectified Flow and Selective Safety Gatingcited by 3
- 2026PhyGile: Physics-Prefix Guided Motion Generation for Agile General Humanoid Motion Trackingcited by 2
- 2026Scaling Behavior Foundation Model for Humanoid Robotscited by 2
- 2026IAM: Identity-Aware Human Motion and Shape Joint Generationcited by 1
- 2026MIND: Multi-Scale Intent Diffusion for Text-Driven Physics-Based Humanoid Controlcited by 1
- 2026ReactiveBFM: Reactive Closed-Loop Motion Planning Towards Universal Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 1
- 2026GenTrack: Physical Alignment for Robot-Native Motion Generation and Zero-Shot Humanoid Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Before the Body Moves: Learning Anticipatory Joint Intent for Language-Conditioned Humanoid Controlcited by 0
- 2026Sample, Simulate, Select: Physics-in-the-Loop Text-to-Motion for Humanoids Without Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skillscited by 0
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skills29 Sep 2026
- 2026Sample, Simulate, Select: Physics-in-the-Loop Text-to-Motion for Humanoids Without Training22 Sep 2026
- 2026GenTrack: Physical Alignment for Robot-Native Motion Generation and Zero-Shot Humanoid Tracking2 Aug 2026
- 2026Scaling Behavior Foundation Model for Humanoid Robots16 Jul 2026
- 2026ReactiveBFM: Reactive Closed-Loop Motion Planning Towards Universal Humanoid Whole-Body Control29 Jun 2026
- 2026MIND: Multi-Scale Intent Diffusion for Text-Driven Physics-Based Humanoid Control25 May 2026
- 2026Before the Body Moves: Learning Anticipatory Joint Intent for Language-Conditioned Humanoid Control14 May 2026
- 2026IAM: Identity-Aware Human Motion and Shape Joint Generation28 Apr 2026
- 2026SafeFlow: Real-Time Text-Driven Humanoid Whole-Body Control via Physics-Guided Rectified Flow and Selective Safety Gating25 Mar 2026
- 2026PhyGile: Physics-Prefix Guided Motion Generation for Agile General Humanoid Motion Tracking13 Mar 2026
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- 2026ADAPT: Agile Diffusion Action Priors for Robust and Steerable Online Text-Driven Humanoid Control ↗
- 2025Free-T2M: Robust Text-to-Motion Generation for Humanoid Robots via Frequency-Domain
- 2026FRoM-W1: Towards General Humanoid Whole-Body Control with Language Instructions
- 2025SimGenHOI: Physically Realistic Whole-Body Humanoid-Object Interaction via Generative Modeling and Reinforcement Learning
- 2026TEXEDO : Test Time Scaling for Controller-aware Language-conditioned Humanoid Motion Generation
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body Control for Humanoid Robots
- 2026ZeroWBC: Learning Natural Whole-Body Humanoid Interaction from Human Egocentric Data
- 2025Commanding Humanoid by Free-form Language: A Large Language Action Model with Unified Motion Vocabulary