MotionGPT-2: A General-Purpose Motion-Language Model for Motion Generation and Understanding
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Abstract (arXiv)
Generating lifelike human motions from descriptive texts has experienced remarkable research focus in the recent years, propelled by the emerging requirements of digital humans.Despite impressive advances, existing approaches are often constrained by limited control modalities, task specificity, and focus solely on body motion representations.In this paper, we present MotionGPT-2, a unified Large Motion-Language Model (LMLM) that addresses these limitations. MotionGPT-2 accommodates multiple motion-relevant tasks and supporting multimodal control conditions through pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs). It quantizes multimodal inputs-such as text and single-frame poses-into discrete, LLM-interpretable tokens, seamlessly integrating them into the LLM's vocabulary. These tokens are then organized into unified prompts, guiding the LLM to generate motion outputs through a pretraining-then-finetuning paradigm. We also show that the proposed MotionGPT-2 is highly adaptable to the challenging 3D holistic motion generation task, enabled by the innovative motion discretization framework, Part-Aware VQVAE, which ensures fine-grained representations of body and hand movements. Extensive experiments and visualizations validate the effectiveness of our method, demonstrating the adaptability of MotionGPT-2 across motion generation, motion captioning, and generalized motion completion tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 65 of its 97 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Oct 2024.
Builds on
65 of 97 references.
References · 65
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50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 27; 2026: 27.
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- 2025Being-H0: Vision-Language-Action Pretraining from Large-Scale Human Videoscited by 94
- 2024The Language of Motion: Unifying Verbal and Non-verbal Language of 3D Human Motioncited by 46
- 2025Motion Anything: Any to Motion Generationcited by 40
- 2025MotionGPT3: Human Motion as a Second Modalitycited by 36
- 2025HOIGPT: Learning Long Sequence Hand-Object Interaction with Language Modelscited by 32
- 2025MotionLab: Unified Human Motion Generation and Editing via the Motion-Condition-Motion Paradigmcited by 30
- 2025PresentAgent: Multimodal Agent for Presentation Video Generationcited by 20
- 2024DisCoRD: Discrete Tokens to Continuous Motion via Rectified Flow Decodingcited by 17
- 2026TextOp: Real-time Interactive Text-Driven Humanoid Robot Motion Generation and Controlcited by 14
- 2025Human-Centric Foundation Models: Perception, Generation and Agentic Modelingcited by 10
- 2025RL from Physical Feedback: Aligning Large Motion Models with Humanoid Controlcited by 10
- 2026LLaMo: Scaling Pretrained Language Models for Unified Motion Understanding and Generation with Continuous Autoregressive Tokenscited by 10
38 more
- 2025Being-M0.5: A Real-Time Controllable Vision-Language-Motion Modelcited by 9
- 2024AToM: Aligning Text-to-Motion Model at Event-Level with GPT-4Vision Rewardcited by 7
- 2025ViBES: A Conversational Agent with Behaviorally-Intelligent 3D Virtual Bodycited by 6
- 2025GenM3: Generative Pretrained Multi-path Motion Model for Text Conditional Human Motion Generationcited by 5
- 2026Heracles: Bridging Precise Tracking and Generative Synthesis for General Humanoid Controlcited by 5
- 2025Mojito: LLM-Aided Motion Instructor with Jitter-Reduced Inertial Tokenscited by 4
- 2025VimoRAG: Video-based Retrieval-augmented 3D Motion Generation for Motion Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025CoachMe: Decoding Sport Elements with a Reference-Based Coaching Instruction Generation Modelcited by 4
- 2025HMVLM: Human Motion-Vision-Lanuage Model via MoE LoRAcited by 4
- 2025IRG-MotionLLM: Interleaving Motion Generation, Assessment and Refinement for Text-to-Motion Generationcited by 4
- 2026Next-Scale Autoregressive Models for Text-to-Motion Generationcited by 4
- 2026SCRIPT: Scalable Diffusion Policy with Multi-stage Training for Language-driven Physics-Based Humanoid Controlcited by 4
- 2025X-MoGen: Unified Motion Generation across Humans and Animalscited by 3
- 2026UniMo: Unified Motion Generation and Understanding with Chain of Thoughtcited by 3
- 2026Bridging Semantic and Kinematic Conditions with Diffusion-based Discrete Motion Tokenizercited by 3
- 2024Fleximo: Towards Flexible Text-to-Human Motion Video Generationcited by 2
- 2025Unlocking Pretrained LLMs for Motion-Related Multimodal Generation: A Fine-Tuning Approach to Unify Diffusion and Next-Token Predictioncited by 2
- 2025MTVCraft: Tokenizing 4D Motion for Arbitrary Character Animationcited by 2
- 2025PlanMoGPT: Flow-Enhanced Progressive Planning for Text to Motion Synthesiscited by 2
- 2025Dense Motion Captioningcited by 2
- 2026PRISM: Streaming Human Motion Generation with Per-Joint Latent Decompositioncited by 2
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Productioncited by 2
- 2025Multimodal Generative AI with Autoregressive LLMs for Human Motion Understanding and Generation: A Way Forwardcited by 1
- 2025How do Foundation Models Compare to Skeleton-Based Approaches for Gesture Recognition in Human-Robot Interaction?cited by 1
- 2025Large Sign Language Models: Toward 3D American Sign Language Translationcited by 1
- 2026Iterative Closed-Loop Motion Synthesis for Scaling the Capabilities of Humanoid Controlcited by 1
- 2026ExpertEdit: Learning Skill-Aware Motion Editing from Expert Videoscited by 1
- 2026Beyond MoCap: Scaling Motion Tokenizers with Synthetic Human Motion for Generative Modelingcited by 1
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecastingcited by 1
- 2025BiomechGPT: Extending Motion-Language Models to Clinical Motion Understandingcited by 0
- 2025MoGIC: Boosting Motion Generation via Intention Understanding and Visual Contextcited by 0
- 2025A Survey of Body and Face Motion: Datasets, Performance Evaluation Metrics and Generative Techniquescited by 0
- 2026GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026MoRL: Reinforced Reasoning for Unified Motion Understanding and Generationcited by 0
- 2026Encoder-Free Human Motion Understanding via Structured Motion Descriptionscited by 0
- 2026MyoSem: Aligning Electromyography to Natural-Language Action Semantics for Hand Action Understandingcited by 0
- 2026Fine-grained Human Motion Understanding with Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generationcited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026BiMoGen: Bidirectional Motion-Text Generation via Unified Masked Discrete Diffusion28 Sep 2026
- 2026SocialHumanoid: Towards Expressive Humanoid Behavior via One-Step Co-Speech Motion Generation27 Sep 2026
- 2026Motion Style Slider: Endpoint-Supervised Continuous Style Control for Human Motion Diffusion25 Sep 2026
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generation18 Sep 2026
- 2026MoVT: Video-Augmented Motion Tokenizer for Text-to-Motion Generation14 Sep 2026
- 2026Open-UniMo: Towards Unified Motion-Language Understanding and Generation in the Open World13 Sep 2026
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecasting8 Sep 2026
- 2026A Plug-and-Play 2D Motion Interface for Real-World Motion Language Models17 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards Continual Motion-Language Agents: LoRA Variants for Incremental Motion Understanding and Generation29 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond MoCap: Scaling Motion Tokenizers with Synthetic Human Motion for Generative Modeling25 Jun 2026
- 2026Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generation23 Jun 2026
- 2026Fine-grained Human Motion Understanding with Language Models18 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026MyoSem: Aligning Electromyography to Natural-Language Action Semantics for Hand Action Understanding29 May 2026
- 2026SCRIPT: Scalable Diffusion Policy with Multi-stage Training for Language-driven Physics-Based Humanoid Control21 May 2026
- 2026Encoder-Free Human Motion Understanding via Structured Motion Descriptions23 Apr 2026
- 2026ExpertEdit: Learning Skill-Aware Motion Editing from Expert Videos12 Apr 2026
- 2026Next-Scale Autoregressive Models for Text-to-Motion Generation4 Apr 2026
- 2026Heracles: Bridging Precise Tracking and Generative Synthesis for General Humanoid Control29 Mar 2026
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Production24 Mar 2026
- 2026Bridging Semantic and Kinematic Conditions with Diffusion-based Discrete Motion Tokenizer19 Mar 2026
- 2026PRISM: Streaming Human Motion Generation with Per-Joint Latent Decomposition9 Mar 2026
- 2026Iterative Closed-Loop Motion Synthesis for Scaling the Capabilities of Humanoid Control25 Feb 2026
- 2026MoRL: Reinforced Reasoning for Unified Motion Understanding and Generation16 Feb 2026
- 2026LLaMo: Scaling Pretrained Language Models for Unified Motion Understanding and Generation with Continuous Autoregressive Tokens12 Feb 2026
- 2026TextOp: Real-time Interactive Text-Driven Humanoid Robot Motion Generation and Control7 Feb 2026
- 2026UniMo: Unified Motion Generation and Understanding with Chain of Thought17 Jan 2026
- 2026GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models12 Jan 2026
- 2025ViBES: A Conversational Agent with Behaviorally-Intelligent 3D Virtual Body16 Dec 2025
- 2025IRG-MotionLLM: Interleaving Motion Generation, Assessment and Refinement for Text-to-Motion Generation11 Dec 2025
- 2025A Survey of Body and Face Motion: Datasets, Performance Evaluation Metrics and Generative Techniques9 Dec 2025
- 2025Large Sign Language Models: Toward 3D American Sign Language Translation11 Nov 2025
- 2025Dense Motion Captioning7 Nov 2025
- 2025HMVLM: Human Motion-Vision-Lanuage Model via MoE LoRA3 Nov 2025
- 2025MoGIC: Boosting Motion Generation via Intention Understanding and Visual Context3 Oct 2025
- 2025CoachMe: Decoding Sport Elements with a Reference-Based Coaching Instruction Generation Model15 Sep 2025
- 2025VimoRAG: Video-based Retrieval-augmented 3D Motion Generation for Motion Language Models16 Aug 2025
- 2025Being-M0.5: A Real-Time Controllable Vision-Language-Motion Model11 Aug 2025
- 2025X-MoGen: Unified Motion Generation across Humans and Animals7 Aug 2025
- 2025Being-H0: Vision-Language-Action Pretraining from Large-Scale Human Videos21 Jul 2025
- 2025PresentAgent: Multimodal Agent for Presentation Video Generation5 Jul 2025
- 2025MotionGPT3: Human Motion as a Second Modality30 Jun 2025
- 2025How do Foundation Models Compare to Skeleton-Based Approaches for Gesture Recognition in Human-Robot Interaction?25 Jun 2025
- 2025PlanMoGPT: Flow-Enhanced Progressive Planning for Text to Motion Synthesis22 Jun 2025
- 2025RL from Physical Feedback: Aligning Large Motion Models with Humanoid Control15 Jun 2025
- 2025Multimodal Generative AI with Autoregressive LLMs for Human Motion Understanding and Generation: A Way Forward31 May 2025
- 2025BiomechGPT: Extending Motion-Language Models to Clinical Motion Understanding24 May 2025
- 2025MTVCraft: Tokenizing 4D Motion for Arbitrary Character Animation15 May 2025
- 2025HOIGPT: Learning Long Sequence Hand-Object Interaction with Language Models24 Mar 2025
- 2025GenM3: Generative Pretrained Multi-path Motion Model for Text Conditional Human Motion Generation19 Mar 2025
- 2025Motion Anything: Any to Motion Generation10 Mar 2025
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2025PresentAgent: Multimodal Agent for Presentation Video Generationcited by 20
- 2025Human-Centric Foundation Models: Perception, Generation and Agentic Modelingcited by 10
- 2025ViBES: A Conversational Agent with Behaviorally-Intelligent 3D Virtual Bodycited by 6
- 2026Towards Continual Motion-Language Agents: LoRA Variants for Incremental Motion Understanding and Generationcited by 0
- 2026Towards Continual Motion-Language Agents: LoRA Variants for Incremental Motion Understanding and Generation29 Jun 2026
- 2025ViBES: A Conversational Agent with Behaviorally-Intelligent 3D Virtual Body16 Dec 2025
- 2025PresentAgent: Multimodal Agent for Presentation Video Generation5 Jul 2025
- 2025Human-Centric Foundation Models: Perception, Generation and Agentic Modeling12 Feb 2025
- 2024DisCoRD: Discrete Tokens to Continuous Motion via Rectified Flow Decodingcited by 17
- 2026SCRIPT: Scalable Diffusion Policy with Multi-stage Training for Language-driven Physics-Based Humanoid Controlcited by 4
- 2026Bridging Semantic and Kinematic Conditions with Diffusion-based Discrete Motion Tokenizercited by 3
- 2026BiMoGen: Bidirectional Motion-Text Generation via Unified Masked Discrete Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026BiMoGen: Bidirectional Motion-Text Generation via Unified Masked Discrete Diffusion28 Sep 2026
- 2026SCRIPT: Scalable Diffusion Policy with Multi-stage Training for Language-driven Physics-Based Humanoid Control21 May 2026
- 2026Bridging Semantic and Kinematic Conditions with Diffusion-based Discrete Motion Tokenizer19 Mar 2026
- 2024DisCoRD: Discrete Tokens to Continuous Motion via Rectified Flow Decoding29 Nov 2024
- 2025HMVLM: Human Motion-Vision-Lanuage Model via MoE LoRAcited by 4
- 2025HMVLM: Human Motion-Vision-Lanuage Model via MoE LoRA3 Nov 2025
- 2024The Language of Motion: Unifying Verbal and Non-verbal Language of 3D Human Motioncited by 46
- 2025Motion Anything: Any to Motion Generationcited by 40
- 2025MotionGPT3: Human Motion as a Second Modalitycited by 36
- 2025HOIGPT: Learning Long Sequence Hand-Object Interaction with Language Modelscited by 32
- 2025MotionLab: Unified Human Motion Generation and Editing via the Motion-Condition-Motion Paradigmcited by 30
- 2026TextOp: Real-time Interactive Text-Driven Humanoid Robot Motion Generation and Controlcited by 14
- 2025RL from Physical Feedback: Aligning Large Motion Models with Humanoid Controlcited by 10
- 2026LLaMo: Scaling Pretrained Language Models for Unified Motion Understanding and Generation with Continuous Autoregressive Tokenscited by 10
- 2025Being-M0.5: A Real-Time Controllable Vision-Language-Motion Modelcited by 9
- 2024AToM: Aligning Text-to-Motion Model at Event-Level with GPT-4Vision Rewardcited by 7
- 2025GenM3: Generative Pretrained Multi-path Motion Model for Text Conditional Human Motion Generationcited by 5
- 2026Heracles: Bridging Precise Tracking and Generative Synthesis for General Humanoid Controlcited by 5
12 most cited of 44 All 44 (JSON)
- 2026SocialHumanoid: Towards Expressive Humanoid Behavior via One-Step Co-Speech Motion Generation27 Sep 2026
- 2026Motion Style Slider: Endpoint-Supervised Continuous Style Control for Human Motion Diffusion25 Sep 2026
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generation18 Sep 2026
- 2026MoVT: Video-Augmented Motion Tokenizer for Text-to-Motion Generation14 Sep 2026
- 2026Open-UniMo: Towards Unified Motion-Language Understanding and Generation in the Open World13 Sep 2026
- 2026DriveMotion: A Large-Scale Multi-Source Benchmark for Driver Motion Sequence Modeling and Forecasting8 Sep 2026
- 2026A Plug-and-Play 2D Motion Interface for Real-World Motion Language Models17 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond MoCap: Scaling Motion Tokenizers with Synthetic Human Motion for Generative Modeling25 Jun 2026
- 2026Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generation23 Jun 2026
- 2026Fine-grained Human Motion Understanding with Language Models18 Jun 2026
- 2026MyoSem: Aligning Electromyography to Natural-Language Action Semantics for Hand Action Understanding29 May 2026
- 2026ExpertEdit: Learning Skill-Aware Motion Editing from Expert Videos12 Apr 2026
12 newest of 44 All 44 (JSON)