Ready-to-React: Online Reaction Policy for Two-Character Interaction Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper addresses the task of generating two-character online interactions. Previously, two main settings existed for two-character interaction generation: (1) generating one's motions based on the counterpart's complete motion sequence, and (2) jointly generating two-character motions based on specific conditions. We argue that these settings fail to model the process of real-life two-character interactions, where humans will react to their counterparts in real time and act as independent individuals. In contrast, we propose an online reaction policy, called Ready-to-React, to generate the next character pose based on past observed motions. Each character has its own reaction policy as its "brain", enabling them to interact like real humans in a streaming manner. Our policy is implemented by incorporating a diffusion head into an auto-regressive model, which can dynamically respond to the counterpart's motions while effectively mitigating the error accumulation throughout the generation process. We conduct comprehensive experiments using the challenging boxing task. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing baselines and can generate extended motion sequences. Additionally, we show that our approach can be controlled by sparse signals, making it well-suited for VR and other online interactive environments.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2025.
Builds on
36 of 52 references.
References · 36
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,585
- 2019Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2cited by 1,387
- 2022Human Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 1,080
- 2024Autoregressive Image Generation without Vector Quantizationcited by 651
- 2023T2M-GPT: Generating Human Motion from Textual Descriptions with Discrete Representationscited by 588
- 2019NTU RGB+D 120: A Large-Scale Benchmark for 3D Human Activity Understandingcited by 533
- 2023MotionGPT: Human Motion as a Foreign Languagecited by 527
- 2017On human motion prediction using recurrent neural networkscited by 338
- 2023OmniControl: Control Any Joint at Any Time for Human Motion Generationcited by 238
- 2021Robust Motion In-betweeningcited by 229
24 more
- 2023InterGen: Diffusion-based Multi-human Motion Generation under Complex Interactionscited by 206
- 2021Character Controllers Using Motion VAEscited by 184
- 2024World-Grounded Human Motion Recovery via Gravity-View Coordinatescited by 137
- 2023Inter-X: Towards Versatile Human-Human Interaction Analysiscited by 98
- 2023Hi4D: 4D Instance Segmentation of Close Human Interactioncited by 87
- 2023ReMoS: 3D Motion-Conditioned Reaction Synthesis for Two-Person Interactionscited by 62
- 2024Taming Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Character Controlcited by 57
- 2023Interactive Character Control with Auto-Regressive Motion Diffusion Modelscited by 55
- 2023C·ASE: Learning Conditional Adversarial Skill Embeddings for Physics-based Characterscited by 55
- 2024ReGenNet: Towards Human Action-Reaction Synthesiscited by 53
- 2024Generating Human Motion in 3D Scenes from Text Descriptionscited by 49
- 2024Duolando: Follower GPT with Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for Dance Accompanimentcited by 47
- 2023Hierarchical Generation of Human-Object Interactions with Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 43
- 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligencecited by 43
- 2022Interaction Transformer for Human Reaction Generationcited by 42
- 2023Neural Categorical Priors for Physics-Based Character Controlcited by 38
- 2023Music-Driven Group Choreographycited by 37
- 2024Multi-agent Long-term 3D Human Pose Forecasting via Interaction-aware Trajectory Conditioningcited by 30
- 2024in2IN: Leveraging individual Information to Generate Human INteractionscited by 29
- 2023Trajectory-Aware Body Interaction Transformer for Multi-Person Pose Forecastingcited by 26
- 2021GAN-based Reactive Motion Synthesis with Class-aware Discriminators for Human-human Interactioncited by 18
- 2024T2LM: Long-Term 3D Human Motion Generation from Multiple Sentencescited by 12
- 2023Social Motion Prediction with Cognitive Hierarchiescited by 9
- 2024ContactGen: Contact-Guided Interactive 3D Human Generation for Partnerscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 16.
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- 2025MotionStreamer: Streaming Motion Generation via Diffusion-based Autoregressive Model in Causal Latent Spacecited by 86
- 2025Absolute Coordinates Make Motion Generation Easycited by 29
- 2025CoDA: Coordinated Diffusion Noise Optimization for Whole-Body Manipulation of Articulated Objectscited by 12
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generationcited by 7
- 2025Unified Multi-Modal Interactive & Reactive 3D Motion Generation via Rectified Flowcited by 6
- 2025Interact2Ar: Full-Body Human-Human Interaction Generation via Autoregressive Diffusion Modelscited by 6
- 2025InterAgent: Physics-based Multi-agent Command Execution via Diffusion on Interaction Graphscited by 5
- 2026ActionPlan: Future-Aware Streaming Motion Synthesis via Frame-Level Action Planningcited by 5
- 2026UMO: Unified In-Context Learning Unlocks Motion Foundation Model Priorscited by 5
- 2025MDD: A Dataset for Text-and-Music Conditioned Duet Dance Generationcited by 4
- 2025Diffusion Forcing for Multi-Agent Interaction Sequence Modelingcited by 4
- 2026PolySLGen: Online Multimodal Speaking-Listening Reaction Generation in Polyadic Interactioncited by 3
16 more
- 2025MoReact: Generating Reactive Motion from Textual Descriptionscited by 2
- 2025ARMFlow: AutoRegressive MeanFlow for Online 3D Human Reaction Generationcited by 2
- 2026DyaPlex: Full-Duplex Speech-Motion Model for Dyadic Interactioncited by 2
- 2026Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generationcited by 1
- 2025Motion In-Betweening for Densely Interacting Characterscited by 0
- 2025ReactionMamba: Generating Short & Long Human Reaction Sequencescited by 0
- 2026Dancing Points: Synthesizing Ballroom Dancing with Three-Point Inputscited by 0
- 2026Contact Matrix: Enhancing Dance Motion Synthesis with Precise Interaction Modelingcited by 0
- 2026MindFlow: Harmonizing Cognitive Semantics and Acoustic Dynamics for Facial Animation Generation in Dyadic Conversationscited by 0
- 2026InterCMDM: Block-Causal Diffusion for Autoregressive Human Interaction Generationcited by 0
- 2026ARMS: Anchor-Relational Motion Streaming for Seamless Solo-Social Motion Transitionscited by 0
- 2026Inter-X++: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Human-Human Interaction Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Multi-Modal Controlled Coherent Motion Generationcited by 0
- 2026Generative Interactions: Weaving Multiparty Human Motion with Bilevel Latent Dynamicscited by 0
- 2026Streaming Multi-Track Timeline Control for 3D Human Motion Generationcited by 0
- 2026Sonic-AMG: Streaming Human Motion Generation from Spatial Audiocited by 0
- 2026Sonic-AMG: Streaming Human Motion Generation from Spatial Audio9 Oct 2026
- 2026Streaming Multi-Track Timeline Control for 3D Human Motion Generation2 Oct 2026
- 2026Generative Interactions: Weaving Multiparty Human Motion with Bilevel Latent Dynamics29 Sep 2026
- 2026Multi-Modal Controlled Coherent Motion Generation10 Sep 2026
- 2026Inter-X++: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Human-Human Interaction Analysis20 Aug 2026
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generation9 Jul 2026
- 2026ARMS: Anchor-Relational Motion Streaming for Seamless Solo-Social Motion Transitions7 Jul 2026
- 2026InterCMDM: Block-Causal Diffusion for Autoregressive Human Interaction Generation2 Jul 2026
- 2026MindFlow: Harmonizing Cognitive Semantics and Acoustic Dynamics for Facial Animation Generation in Dyadic Conversations26 Jun 2026
- 2026Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generation23 Jun 2026
- 2026DyaPlex: Full-Duplex Speech-Motion Model for Dyadic Interaction2 Jun 2026
- 2026Contact Matrix: Enhancing Dance Motion Synthesis with Precise Interaction Modeling6 May 2026
16 more
- 2026PolySLGen: Online Multimodal Speaking-Listening Reaction Generation in Polyadic Interaction9 Apr 2026
- 2026UMO: Unified In-Context Learning Unlocks Motion Foundation Model Priors16 Mar 2026
- 2026ActionPlan: Future-Aware Streaming Motion Synthesis via Frame-Level Action Planning13 Mar 2026
- 2026Dancing Points: Synthesizing Ballroom Dancing with Three-Point Inputs5 Jan 2026
- 2025Interact2Ar: Full-Body Human-Human Interaction Generation via Autoregressive Diffusion Models22 Dec 2025
- 2025Diffusion Forcing for Multi-Agent Interaction Sequence Modeling19 Dec 2025
- 2025ARMFlow: AutoRegressive MeanFlow for Online 3D Human Reaction Generation18 Dec 2025
- 2025InterAgent: Physics-based Multi-agent Command Execution via Diffusion on Interaction Graphs8 Dec 2025
- 2025ReactionMamba: Generating Short & Long Human Reaction Sequences28 Nov 2025
- 2025Motion In-Betweening for Densely Interacting Characters30 Sep 2025
- 2025Unified Multi-Modal Interactive & Reactive 3D Motion Generation via Rectified Flow28 Sep 2025
- 2025MoReact: Generating Reactive Motion from Textual Descriptions28 Sep 2025
- 2025MDD: A Dataset for Text-and-Music Conditioned Duet Dance Generation23 Aug 2025
- 2025CoDA: Coordinated Diffusion Noise Optimization for Whole-Body Manipulation of Articulated Objects27 May 2025
- 2025Absolute Coordinates Make Motion Generation Easy26 May 2025
- 2025MotionStreamer: Streaming Motion Generation via Diffusion-based Autoregressive Model in Causal Latent Space19 Mar 2025
- 2026InterCMDM: Block-Causal Diffusion for Autoregressive Human Interaction Generation2 Jul 2026
- 2025Interact2Ar: Full-Body Human-Human Interaction Generation via Autoregressive Diffusion Models22 Dec 2025
- 2025Unified Multi-Modal Interactive & Reactive 3D Motion Generation via Rectified Flow28 Sep 2025
- 2025MotionStreamer: Streaming Motion Generation via Diffusion-based Autoregressive Model in Causal Latent Spacecited by 86
- 2025Absolute Coordinates Make Motion Generation Easycited by 29
- 2025CoDA: Coordinated Diffusion Noise Optimization for Whole-Body Manipulation of Articulated Objectscited by 12
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generationcited by 7
- 2025InterAgent: Physics-based Multi-agent Command Execution via Diffusion on Interaction Graphscited by 5
- 2026ActionPlan: Future-Aware Streaming Motion Synthesis via Frame-Level Action Planningcited by 5
- 2026UMO: Unified In-Context Learning Unlocks Motion Foundation Model Priorscited by 5
- 2025MDD: A Dataset for Text-and-Music Conditioned Duet Dance Generationcited by 4
- 2025Diffusion Forcing for Multi-Agent Interaction Sequence Modelingcited by 4
- 2026PolySLGen: Online Multimodal Speaking-Listening Reaction Generation in Polyadic Interactioncited by 3
- 2025MoReact: Generating Reactive Motion from Textual Descriptionscited by 2
- 2025ARMFlow: AutoRegressive MeanFlow for Online 3D Human Reaction Generationcited by 2
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Sonic-AMG: Streaming Human Motion Generation from Spatial Audio9 Oct 2026
- 2026Streaming Multi-Track Timeline Control for 3D Human Motion Generation2 Oct 2026
- 2026Generative Interactions: Weaving Multiparty Human Motion with Bilevel Latent Dynamics29 Sep 2026
- 2026Multi-Modal Controlled Coherent Motion Generation10 Sep 2026
- 2026Inter-X++: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Human-Human Interaction Analysis20 Aug 2026
- 2026ARDY: Autoregressive Diffusion with Hybrid Representation for Interactive Human Motion Generation9 Jul 2026
- 2026ARMS: Anchor-Relational Motion Streaming for Seamless Solo-Social Motion Transitions7 Jul 2026
- 2026MindFlow: Harmonizing Cognitive Semantics and Acoustic Dynamics for Facial Animation Generation in Dyadic Conversations26 Jun 2026
- 2026Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generation23 Jun 2026
- 2026DyaPlex: Full-Duplex Speech-Motion Model for Dyadic Interaction2 Jun 2026
- 2026Contact Matrix: Enhancing Dance Motion Synthesis with Precise Interaction Modeling6 May 2026
- 2026PolySLGen: Online Multimodal Speaking-Listening Reaction Generation in Polyadic Interaction9 Apr 2026
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)