SimpleRecon: 3D Reconstruction Without 3D Convolutions
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Traditionally, 3D indoor scene reconstruction from posed images happens in two phases: per-image depth estimation, followed by depth merging and surface reconstruction. Recently, a family of methods have emerged that perform reconstruction directly in final 3D volumetric feature space. While these methods have shown impressive reconstruction results, they rely on expensive 3D convolutional layers, limiting their application in resource-constrained environments. In this work, we instead go back to the traditional route, and show how focusing on high quality multi-view depth prediction leads to highly accurate 3D reconstructions using simple off-the-shelf depth fusion. We propose a simple state-of-the-art multi-view depth estimator with two main contributions: 1) a carefully-designed 2D CNN which utilizes strong image priors alongside a plane-sweep feature volume and geometric losses, combined with 2) the integration of keyframe and geometric metadata into the cost volume which allows informed depth plane scoring. Our method achieves a significant lead over the current state-of-the-art for depth estimation and close or better for 3D reconstruction on ScanNet and 7-Scenes, yet still allows for online real-time low-memory reconstruction. Code, models and results are available at https://nianticlabs.github.io/simplerecon
Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 61 of its 99 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Aug 2022.
Builds on
61 of 99 references.
References · 61
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,588
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
- 2018UNet++: A Nested U-Net Architecture for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1,525
- 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,495
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,274
- 2016Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast Stylizationcited by 1,198
- 2021EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Trainingcited by 1,135
- 2015FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convolutional Networkscited by 1,059
38 more
- 2018MnasNet: Platform-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mobilecited by 943
- 2015A Large Dataset to Train Convolutional Networks for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimationcited by 881
- 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 820
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 737
- 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 721
- 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 601
- 2018Pyramid Stereo Matching Networkcited by 489
- 2019Cascade Cost Volume for High-Resolution Multi-View Stereo and Stereo Matchingcited by 417
- 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 405
- 2017End-to-End Learning of Geometry and Context for Deep Stereo Regressioncited by 360
- 2018DeepMVS: Learning Multi-view Stereopsiscited by 277
- 2019GA-Net: Guided Aggregation Net for End-to-end Stereo Matchingcited by 244
- 2021NeuralRecon: Real-Time Coherent 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 241
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 234
- 2019Kornia: an Open Source Differentiable Computer Vision Library for PyTorchcited by 232
- 2020Consistent Video Depth Estimationcited by 220
- 2020Learning to Recover 3D Scene Shape from a Single Imagecited by 216
- 2020Atlas: End-to-End 3D Scene Reconstruction from Posed Imagescited by 206
- 2017Learning a Multi-View Stereo Machinecited by 194
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2018Depth Prediction Without the Sensors: Leveraging Structure for Unsupervised Learning from Monocular Videoscited by 155
- 2015Stereo Matching by Training a Convolutional Neural Network to Compare Image Patchescited by 151
- 2018Revisiting Single Image Depth Estimation: Toward Higher Resolution Maps with Accurate Object Boundariescited by 145
- 2020Feature-metric Loss for Self-supervised Learning of Depth and Egomotioncited by 140
- 2018Learning Depth with Convolutional Spatial Propagation Networkcited by 136
- 2019Self-supervised Learning with Geometric Constraints in Monocular Video: Connecting Flow, Depth, and Cameracited by 130
- 2017SurfaceNet: An End-to-end 3D Neural Network for Multiview Stereopsiscited by 128
- 2019Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Hintscited by 127
- 2019DPSNet: End-to-end Deep Plane Sweep Stereocited by 115
- 2019Domain-invariant Stereo Matching Networkscited by 109
- 2021TransformerFusion: Monocular RGB Scene Reconstruction using Transformerscited by 106
- 2018MaskFusion: Real-Time Recognition, Tracking and Reconstruction of Multiple Moving Objectscited by 95
- 2019CAM-Convs: Camera-Aware Multi-Scale Convolutions for Single-View Depthcited by 75
- 2020Don't Forget The Past: Recurrent Depth Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 71
- 2020DeepVideoMVS: Multi-View Stereo on Video with Recurrent Spatio-Temporal Fusioncited by 68
- 2018MVDepthNet: Real-time Multiview Depth Estimation Neural Networkcited by 59
- 2020MonoRec: Semi-Supervised Dense Reconstruction in Dynamic Environments from a Single Moving Cameracited by 59
50 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 20; 2024: 26; 2025: 19; 2026: 15.
83 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 548
- 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
- 2022Unifying Flow, Stereo and Depth Estimationcited by 275
- 2024MegaSaM: Accurate, Fast, and Robust Structure and Motion from Casual Dynamic Videoscited by 228
- 2025Video Depth Anything: Consistent Depth Estimation for Super-Long Videoscited by 207
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 205
- 2023Point-SLAM: Dense Neural Point Cloud-based SLAMcited by 160
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 154
- 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 114
- 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 89
- 2022Removing Objects From Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 66
- 2024Loopy-SLAM: Dense Neural SLAM with Loop Closurescited by 48
38 more
- 2023SNAP: Self-Supervised Neural Maps for Visual Positioning and Semantic Understandingcited by 38
- 2023SurfelNeRF: Neural Surfel Radiance Fields for Online Photorealistic Reconstruction of Indoor Scenescited by 30
- 2024PreF3R: Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Variable-length Image Sequencecited by 28
- 2023Learning Signed Distance Functions from Noisy 3D Point Clouds via Noise to Noise Mappingcited by 27
- 2024EFM3D: A Benchmark for Measuring Progress Towards 3D Egocentric Foundation Modelscited by 26
- 2025MVSAnywhere: Zero-Shot Multi-View Stereocited by 26
- 2023MAMo: Leveraging Memory and Attention for Monocular Video Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2023DiffInDScene: Diffusion-based High-Quality 3D Indoor Scene Generationcited by 23
- 2026ShapeR: Robust Conditional 3D Shape Generation from Casual Capturescited by 22
- 2025Multi-view Reconstruction via SfM-guided Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 20
- 2023UncLe-SLAM: Uncertainty Learning for Dense Neural SLAMcited by 19
- 2024Learning-based Multi-View Stereo: A Surveycited by 18
- 2022MonoNeuralFusion: Online Monocular Neural 3D Reconstruction with Geometric Priorscited by 17
- 2023FineRecon: Depth-aware Feed-forward Network for Detailed 3D Reconstructioncited by 17
- 2023CVRecon: Rethinking 3D Geometric Feature Learning For Neural Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 15
- 2023Pixel-Aligned Recurrent Queries for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 14
- 2024FutureDepth: Learning to Predict the Future Improves Video Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2024AirPlanes: Accurate Plane Estimation via 3D-Consistent Embeddingscited by 13
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutescited by 13
- 2025LongSplat: Online Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Long Sequence Imagescited by 13
- 2025L4P: Towards Unified Low-Level 4D Vision Perceptioncited by 12
- 2023SuperPrimitive: Scene Reconstruction at a Primitive Levelcited by 11
- 2024DoubleTake: Geometry Guided Depth Estimationcited by 9
- 2025JOG3R: Towards 3D-Consistent Video Generatorscited by 9
- 2023VisFusion: Visibility-aware Online 3D Scene Reconstruction from Videoscited by 8
- 2025Morpheus: Text-Driven 3D Gaussian Splat Shape and Color Stylizationcited by 8
- 2024FastCAD: Real-Time CAD Retrieval and Alignment from Scans and Videoscited by 7
- 2023Incremental Dense Reconstruction from Monocular Video with Guided Sparse Feature Volume Fusioncited by 6
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimationcited by 6
- 2023Virtual Occlusions Through Implicit Depthcited by 5
- 2023XTransCT: Ultra-Fast Volumetric CT Reconstruction using Two Orthogonal X-Ray Projections for Image-guided Radiation Therapy via a Transformer Networkcited by 5
- 2024Unified Scene Representation and Reconstruction for 3D Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Modelscited by 5
- 2026GenRecon: Bridging Generative Priors for Multi-View 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereocited by 4
- 2024Range-Agnostic Multi-View Depth Estimation With Keyframe Selectioncited by 4
50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2026LiteMVS: Efficient Multi-View Stereo with Foundation Distillation and Expert Aggregation4 Aug 2026
- 2026TopoGS: Planar Reconstruction via Topology-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting18 Jul 2026
- 2026ActMVS: Active Scene Reconstruction with Monocular Multi-View Stereo31 May 2026
- 2026GenRecon: Bridging Generative Priors for Multi-View 3D Scene Reconstruction22 May 2026
- 2026IVGT: Implicit Visual Geometry Transformer for Neural Scene Representation15 May 2026
- 2026Immunizing 3D Gaussian Generative Models Against Unauthorized Fine-Tuning via Attribute-Space Traps6 Apr 2026
- 2026Fus3D: Decoding Consolidated 3D Geometry from Feed-forward Geometry Transformer Latents26 Mar 2026
- 2026UniQueR: Unified Query-based Feedforward 3D Reconstruction24 Mar 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
- 2026VFM-Recon: Unlocking Cross-Domain Scene-Level Neural Reconstruction with Scale-Aligned Foundation Priors13 Mar 2026
- 2026EmbodiedSplat: Online Feed-Forward Semantic 3DGS for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding4 Mar 2026
- 2026LiDAR Prompted Spatio-Temporal Multi-View Stereo for Autonomous Driving4 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026EventNeuS: 3D Mesh Reconstruction from a Single Event Camera3 Feb 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2026ShapeR: Robust Conditional 3D Shape Generation from Casual Captures16 Jan 2026
- 2025MoonSeg3R: Monocular Online Zero-Shot Segment Anything in 3D with Reconstructive Foundation Priors17 Dec 2025
- 2025Long-LRM++: Preserving Fine Details in Feed-Forward Wide-Coverage Reconstruction11 Dec 2025
- 2025UniFField: A Generalizable Unified Neural Feature Field for Visual, Semantic, and Spatial Uncertainties in Any Scene8 Oct 2025
- 2025Image-Plane Geometric Decoding for View-Invariant Indoor Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2025
- 2025An Embodied AR Navigation Agent: Integrating BIM with Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Language Guidance10 Aug 2025
- 2025Hestia: Voxel-Face-Aware Hierarchical Next-Best-View Acquisition for Efficient 3D Reconstruction1 Aug 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025LongSplat: Online Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Long Sequence Images22 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Depth Foundation Model: Recent Trends in Vision-Based Depth Estimation15 Jul 2025
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025ReFrame: Layer Caching for Accelerated Inference in Real-Time Rendering14 Jun 2025
- 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstruction29 Mar 2025
- 2025MVSAnywhere: Zero-Shot Multi-View Stereo28 Mar 2025
- 2025Multi-view Reconstruction via SfM-guided Monocular Depth Estimation18 Mar 2025
- 2025Morpheus: Text-Driven 3D Gaussian Splat Shape and Color Stylization3 Mar 2025
- 2025L4P: Towards Unified Low-Level 4D Vision Perception18 Feb 2025
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent State21 Jan 2025
- 2025Video Depth Anything: Consistent Depth Estimation for Super-Long Videos21 Jan 2025
- 2025JOG3R: Towards 3D-Consistent Video Generators2 Jan 2025
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priors16 Dec 2024
- 2024Prism: Semi-Supervised Multi-View Stereo with Monocular Structure Priors8 Dec 2024
- 2024MegaSaM: Accurate, Fast, and Robust Structure and Motion from Casual Dynamic Videos5 Dec 2024
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutes4 Dec 2024
- 2024PreF3R: Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Variable-length Image Sequence25 Nov 2024
- 2024MultiDepth: Multi-Sample Priors for Refining Monocular Metric Depth Estimations in Indoor Scenes1 Nov 2024
- 2024PointRecon: Online Point-based 3D Reconstruction via Ray-based 2D-3D Matching30 Oct 2024
- 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splats16 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Cost Ray Fusion for Sparse Depth Video Completion23 Sep 2024
- 2024Depth on Demand: Streaming Dense Depth from a Low Frame Rate Active Sensor12 Sep 2024
- 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memory28 Aug 2024
- 2024Geometry-guided Feature Learning and Fusion for Indoor Scene Reconstruction28 Aug 2024
- 2024Ray-Distance Volume Rendering for Neural Scene Reconstruction28 Aug 2024
- 2024Learning-based Multi-View Stereo: A Survey27 Aug 2024
- 2024GroundUp: Rapid Sketch-Based 3D City Massing17 Jul 2024
- 2024DoubleTake: Geometry Guided Depth Estimation26 Jun 2024
50 newest of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 548
- 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
- 2022Unifying Flow, Stereo and Depth Estimationcited by 275
- 2024MegaSaM: Accurate, Fast, and Robust Structure and Motion from Casual Dynamic Videoscited by 228
- 2025Video Depth Anything: Consistent Depth Estimation for Super-Long Videoscited by 207
- 2024MASt3R-SLAM: Real-Time Dense SLAM with 3D Reconstruction Priorscited by 205
- 2023Point-SLAM: Dense Neural Point Cloud-based SLAMcited by 160
- 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 154
- 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 114
- 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 89
- 2022Removing Objects From Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 66
- 2024Loopy-SLAM: Dense Neural SLAM with Loop Closurescited by 48
12 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026TopoGS: Planar Reconstruction via Topology-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting18 Jul 2026
- 2026ActMVS: Active Scene Reconstruction with Monocular Multi-View Stereo31 May 2026
- 2026GenRecon: Bridging Generative Priors for Multi-View 3D Scene Reconstruction22 May 2026
- 2026IVGT: Implicit Visual Geometry Transformer for Neural Scene Representation15 May 2026
- 2026Immunizing 3D Gaussian Generative Models Against Unauthorized Fine-Tuning via Attribute-Space Traps6 Apr 2026
- 2026Fus3D: Decoding Consolidated 3D Geometry from Feed-forward Geometry Transformer Latents26 Mar 2026
- 2026UniQueR: Unified Query-based Feedforward 3D Reconstruction24 Mar 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
- 2026VFM-Recon: Unlocking Cross-Domain Scene-Level Neural Reconstruction with Scale-Aligned Foundation Priors13 Mar 2026
- 2026EmbodiedSplat: Online Feed-Forward Semantic 3DGS for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding4 Mar 2026
- 2026LiDAR Prompted Spatio-Temporal Multi-View Stereo for Autonomous Driving4 Mar 2026
- 2026EventNeuS: 3D Mesh Reconstruction from a Single Event Camera3 Feb 2026
12 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)