Mirror-NeRF: Learning Neural Radiance Fields for Mirrors with Whitted-Style Ray Tracing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) has exhibited significant success in novel view synthesis, surface reconstruction, etc. However, since no physical reflection is considered in its rendering pipeline, NeRF mistakes the reflection in the mirror as a separate virtual scene, leading to the inaccurate reconstruction of the mirror and multi-view inconsistent reflections in the mirror. In this paper, we present a novel neural rendering framework, named Mirror-NeRF, which is able to learn accurate geometry and reflection of the mirror and support various scene manipulation applications with mirrors, such as adding new objects or mirrors into the scene and synthesizing the reflections of these new objects in mirrors, controlling mirror roughness, etc. To achieve this goal, we propose a unified radiance field by introducing the reflection probability and tracing rays following the light transport model of Whitted Ray Tracing, and also develop several techniques to facilitate the learning process. Experiments and comparisons on both synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method. The code and supplementary material are available on the project webpage: https://zju3dv.github.io/Mirror-NeRF/.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Aug 2023.
Builds on
47 of 56 references.
References · 47
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- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2020Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functionscited by 2,214
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
- 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 698
- 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
- 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
- 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
- 2020NeRV: Neural Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesiscited by 493
- 2021iMAP: Implicit Mapping and Positioning in Real-Timecited by 476
35 more
- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 467
- 2020NeRD: Neural Reflectance Decomposition from Image Collectionscited by 446
- 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 411
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
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- 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 312
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- 2022Neural 3D Scene Reconstruction with the Manhattan-world Assumptioncited by 123
- 2021NeRFReN: Neural Radiance Fields with Reflectionscited by 121
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
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- 2021NeRF-SR: High-Quality Neural Radiance Fields using Supersamplingcited by 95
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- 2022DM-NeRF: 3D Scene Geometry Decomposition and Manipulation from 2D Imagescited by 69
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
22 papers.
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- 20244D Gaussian Splatting with Scale-aware Residual Field and Adaptive Optimization for Real-time Rendering of Temporally Complex Dynamic Scenescited by 37
- 2023SpecNeRF: Gaussian Directional Encoding for Specular Reflectionscited by 30
- 2023UniSDF: Unifying Neural Representations for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction of Complex Scenes with Reflectionscited by 29
- 2024MirrorGaussian: Reflecting 3D Gaussians for Reconstructing Mirror Reflectionscited by 21
- 2024Mirror-3DGS: Incorporating Mirror Reflections into 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 18
- 2024GlossyGS: Inverse Rendering of Glossy Objects with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2024MaGS: Reconstructing and Simulating Dynamic 3D Objects with Mesh-adsorbed Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
- 2025MirrorVerse: Pushing Diffusion Models to Realistically Reflect the Worldcited by 8
- 2023TraM-NeRF: Tracing Mirror and Near-Perfect Specular Reflections through Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 7
- 2024Planar Reflection-Aware Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 6
- 2024Expansive Supervision for Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 5
- 2025Reflections Unlock: Geometry-Aware Reflection Disentanglement in 3D Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Scenes Renderingcited by 4
10 more
- 2024RefGaussian: Disentangling Reflections from 3D Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Renderingcited by 3
- 2024PIR: Photometric Inverse Rendering with Shading Cues Modeling and Surface Reflectance Regularizationcited by 2
- 2024Gaussian Splatting in Mirrors: Reflection-Aware Rendering via Virtual Camera Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025NeRFs are Mirror Detectors: Using Structural Similarity for Multi-View Mirror Scene Reconstruction with 3D Surface Primitivescited by 2
- 2025Reflect3r: Single-View 3D Stereo Reconstruction Aided by Mirror Reflectionscited by 2
- 2025TR-Gaussians: High-fidelity Real-time Rendering of Planar Transmission and Reflection with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026PhyGaP: Physically-Grounded Gaussians with Polarization Cuescited by 0
- 2026PhysMirror: Physics-Aware Mirror Object Generationcited by 0
- 2026MVMD: A Multi-View Approach for Enhanced Mirror Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Reflection-aware Generative Novel View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026Reflection-aware Generative Novel View Synthesis4 Sep 2026
- 2026MVMD: A Multi-View Approach for Enhanced Mirror Detection2 Aug 2026
- 2026PhysMirror: Physics-Aware Mirror Object Generation3 Jul 2026
- 2026PhyGaP: Physically-Grounded Gaussians with Polarization Cues14 Mar 2026
- 2025TR-Gaussians: High-fidelity Real-time Rendering of Planar Transmission and Reflection with 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Nov 2025
- 2025Reflect3r: Single-View 3D Stereo Reconstruction Aided by Mirror Reflections24 Sep 2025
- 2025Reflections Unlock: Geometry-Aware Reflection Disentanglement in 3D Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Scenes Rendering8 Jul 2025
- 2025MirrorVerse: Pushing Diffusion Models to Realistically Reflect the World21 Apr 2025
- 2025NeRFs are Mirror Detectors: Using Structural Similarity for Multi-View Mirror Scene Reconstruction with 3D Surface Primitives7 Jan 2025
- 20244D Gaussian Splatting with Scale-aware Residual Field and Adaptive Optimization for Real-time Rendering of Temporally Complex Dynamic Scenes9 Dec 2024
- 2024Planar Reflection-Aware Neural Radiance Fields7 Nov 2024
- 2024GlossyGS: Inverse Rendering of Glossy Objects with 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Oct 2024
10 more
- 2024Gaussian Splatting in Mirrors: Reflection-Aware Rendering via Virtual Camera Optimization2 Oct 2024
- 2024Expansive Supervision for Neural Radiance Field12 Sep 2024
- 2024PIR: Photometric Inverse Rendering with Shading Cues Modeling and Surface Reflectance Regularization13 Aug 2024
- 2024RefGaussian: Disentangling Reflections from 3D Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Rendering9 Jun 2024
- 2024MaGS: Reconstructing and Simulating Dynamic 3D Objects with Mesh-adsorbed Gaussian Splatting3 Jun 2024
- 2024MirrorGaussian: Reflecting 3D Gaussians for Reconstructing Mirror Reflections20 May 2024
- 2024Mirror-3DGS: Incorporating Mirror Reflections into 3D Gaussian Splatting1 Apr 2024
- 2023UniSDF: Unifying Neural Representations for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction of Complex Scenes with Reflections20 Dec 2023
- 2023SpecNeRF: Gaussian Directional Encoding for Specular Reflections20 Dec 2023
- 2023TraM-NeRF: Tracing Mirror and Near-Perfect Specular Reflections through Neural Radiance Fields16 Oct 2023
- 2026Reflection-aware Generative Novel View Synthesis4 Sep 2026
- 2026PhysMirror: Physics-Aware Mirror Object Generation3 Jul 2026
- 2025MirrorVerse: Pushing Diffusion Models to Realistically Reflect the World21 Apr 2025
- 20244D Gaussian Splatting with Scale-aware Residual Field and Adaptive Optimization for Real-time Rendering of Temporally Complex Dynamic Scenescited by 37
- 2023SpecNeRF: Gaussian Directional Encoding for Specular Reflectionscited by 30
- 2023UniSDF: Unifying Neural Representations for High-Fidelity 3D Reconstruction of Complex Scenes with Reflectionscited by 29
- 2024MirrorGaussian: Reflecting 3D Gaussians for Reconstructing Mirror Reflectionscited by 21
- 2024Mirror-3DGS: Incorporating Mirror Reflections into 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 18
- 2024GlossyGS: Inverse Rendering of Glossy Objects with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2024MaGS: Reconstructing and Simulating Dynamic 3D Objects with Mesh-adsorbed Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
- 2023TraM-NeRF: Tracing Mirror and Near-Perfect Specular Reflections through Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 7
- 2024Planar Reflection-Aware Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 6
- 2024Expansive Supervision for Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 5
- 2025Reflections Unlock: Geometry-Aware Reflection Disentanglement in 3D Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Scenes Renderingcited by 4
- 2024RefGaussian: Disentangling Reflections from 3D Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Renderingcited by 3
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026MVMD: A Multi-View Approach for Enhanced Mirror Detection2 Aug 2026
- 2026PhyGaP: Physically-Grounded Gaussians with Polarization Cues14 Mar 2026
- 2025TR-Gaussians: High-fidelity Real-time Rendering of Planar Transmission and Reflection with 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Nov 2025
- 2025Reflect3r: Single-View 3D Stereo Reconstruction Aided by Mirror Reflections24 Sep 2025
- 2025Reflections Unlock: Geometry-Aware Reflection Disentanglement in 3D Gaussian Splatting for Photorealistic Scenes Rendering8 Jul 2025
- 2025NeRFs are Mirror Detectors: Using Structural Similarity for Multi-View Mirror Scene Reconstruction with 3D Surface Primitives7 Jan 2025
- 20244D Gaussian Splatting with Scale-aware Residual Field and Adaptive Optimization for Real-time Rendering of Temporally Complex Dynamic Scenes9 Dec 2024
- 2024Planar Reflection-Aware Neural Radiance Fields7 Nov 2024
- 2024GlossyGS: Inverse Rendering of Glossy Objects with 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Oct 2024
- 2024Gaussian Splatting in Mirrors: Reflection-Aware Rendering via Virtual Camera Optimization2 Oct 2024
- 2024Expansive Supervision for Neural Radiance Field12 Sep 2024
- 2024PIR: Photometric Inverse Rendering with Shading Cues Modeling and Surface Reflectance Regularization13 Aug 2024
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)