mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

InfiniCity: Infinite-Scale City Synthesis

arXiv 2301.09637 ↗First posted 23 Jan 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.GRcited by 68

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Abstract (arXiv)

Toward infinite-scale 3D city synthesis, we propose a novel framework, InfiniCity, which constructs and renders an unconstrainedly large and 3D-grounded environment from random noises. InfiniCity decomposes the seemingly impractical task into three feasible modules, taking advantage of both 2D and 3D data. First, an infinite-pixel image synthesis module generates arbitrary-scale 2D maps from the bird's-eye view. Next, an octree-based voxel completion module lifts the generated 2D map to 3D octrees. Finally, a voxel-based neural rendering module texturizes the voxels and renders 2D images. InfiniCity can thus synthesize arbitrary-scale and traversable 3D city environments, and allow flexible and interactive editing from users. We quantitatively and qualitatively demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework. Project page: https://hubert0527.github.io/infinicity/

Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2023.

Builds on

44 of 58 references.

References · 44

  1. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  4. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  5. 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
  6. 2022Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2,280
  7. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
  8. 2018Demystifying MMD GANscited by 1,268
  9. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,204
  10. 2017High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANscited by 1,176
  11. 2018Learning Implicit Fields for Generative Shape Modelingcited by 1,060
  12. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
32 more
  1. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  2. 2021Diffusion Probabilistic Models for 3D Point Cloud Generationcited by 734
  3. 2020pi-GAN: Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 708
  4. 2020GRAF: Generative Radiance Fields for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 688
  5. 2018Which Training Methods for GANs do actually Converge?cited by 672
  6. 20213D Shape Generation and Completion through Point-Voxel Diffusioncited by 516
  7. 2021StyleNeRF: A Style-based 3D-Aware Generator for High-resolution Image Synthesiscited by 477
  8. 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
  9. 2016SeqGAN: Sequence Generative Adversarial Nets with Policy Gradientcited by 375
  10. 2016OctNet: Learning Deep 3D Representations at High Resolutionscited by 340
  11. 2022SDFusion: Multimodal 3D Shape Completion, Reconstruction, and Generationcited by 287
  12. 2020Infinite Nature: Perpetual View Generation of Natural Scenes from a Single Imagecited by 239
  13. 2020Swapping Autoencoder for Deep Image Manipulationcited by 215
  14. 2022AutoSDF: Shape Priors for 3D Completion, Reconstruction and Generationcited by 208
  15. 2021Unconstrained Scene Generation with Locally Conditioned Radiance Fieldscited by 130
  16. 2022Generating Long Videos of Dynamic Scenescited by 113
  17. 2022EpiGRAF: Rethinking training of 3D GANscited by 108
  18. 2021GANcraft: Unsupervised 3D Neural Rendering of Minecraft Worldscited by 98
  19. 2022InfiniteNature-Zero: Learning Perpetual View Generation of Natural Scenes from Single Imagescited by 82
  20. 2022NUWA-Infinity: Autoregressive over Autoregressive Generation for Infinite Visual Synthesiscited by 71
  21. 2021Aligning Latent and Image Spaces to Connect the Unconnectablecited by 70
  22. 2020World-Consistent Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 69
  23. 2019COCO-GAN: Generation by Parts via Conditional Coordinatingcited by 67
  24. 2017Improved Adversarial Systems for 3D Object Generation and Reconstructioncited by 66
  25. 2022Texturify: Generating Textures on 3D Shape Surfacescited by 65
  26. 2021InfinityGAN: Towards Infinite-Pixel Image Synthesiscited by 61
  27. 2022DisCoScene: Spatially Disentangled Generative Radiance Fields for Controllable 3D-aware Scene Synthesiscited by 61
  28. 2017Adversarial Feature Matching for Text Generationcited by 58
  29. 2018Learning Descriptor Networks for 3D Shape Synthesis and Analysiscited by 56
  30. 2020Deep Octree-based CNNs with Output-Guided Skip Connections for 3D Shape and Scene Completioncited by 33
  31. 2020HoliCity: A City-Scale Data Platform for Learning Holistic 3D Structurescited by 28
  32. 2022Cross-Modal 3D Shape Generation and Manipulationcited by 27

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 14; 2024: 24; 2025: 21; 2026: 9.

68 papers.

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  1. 2023Text2Tex: Text-driven Texture Synthesis via Diffusion Modelscited by 234
  2. 2024WonderWorld: Interactive 3D Scene Generation from a Single Imagecited by 197
  3. 2023XCube: Large-Scale 3D Generative Modeling using Sparse Voxel Hierarchiescited by 183
  4. 2023HiFA: High-fidelity Text-to-3D Generation with Advanced Diffusion Guidancecited by 109
  5. 2023CityDreamer: Compositional Generative Model of Unbounded 3D Citiescited by 75
  6. 2023SceneDreamer: Unbounded 3D Scene Generation from 2D Image Collectionscited by 72
  7. 20244Real: Towards Photorealistic 4D Scene Generation via Video Diffusion Modelscited by 64
  8. 2023CC3D: Layout-Conditioned Generation of Compositional 3D Scenescited by 58
  9. 2023SceneWiz3D: Towards Text-guided 3D Scene Compositioncited by 54
  10. 2024InfiniCube: Unbounded and Controllable Dynamic 3D Driving Scene Generation with World-Guided Video Modelscited by 53
  11. 2023Persistent Nature: A Generative Model of Unbounded 3D Worldscited by 44
  12. 2023Pyramid Diffusion for Fine 3D Large Scene Generationcited by 44
38 more
  1. 2023SceneTex: High-Quality Texture Synthesis for Indoor Scenes via Diffusion Priorscited by 43
  2. 2024Generative Gaussian Splatting for Unbounded 3D City Generationcited by 43
  3. 2025Free4D: Tuning-free 4D Scene Generation with Spatial-Temporal Consistencycited by 34
  4. 2025SynCity: Training-Free Generation of 3D Worldscited by 30
  5. 2024Sat2Scene: 3D Urban Scene Generation from Satellite Images with Diffusioncited by 27
  6. 2024LetsGo: Large-Scale Garage Modeling and Rendering via LiDAR-Assisted Gaussian Primitivescited by 25
  7. 2024CityCraft: A Real Crafter for 3D City Generationcited by 25
  8. 2024UrbanWorld: An Urban World Model for 3D City Generationcited by 23
  9. 2023CityGen: Infinite and Controllable City Layout Generationcited by 22
  10. 2024CityX: Controllable Procedural Content Generation for Unbounded 3D Citiescited by 20
  11. 2025X-Scene: Large-Scale Driving Scene Generation with High Fidelity and Flexible Controllabilitycited by 20
  12. 2025NuiScene: Exploring Efficient Generation of Unbounded Outdoor Scenescited by 19
  13. 2024AToM: Amortized Text-to-Mesh using 2D Diffusioncited by 18
  14. 2024Urban Architect: Steerable 3D Urban Scene Generation with Layout Priorcited by 17
  15. 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
  16. 2025Compositional Generative Model of Unbounded 4D Citiescited by 16
  17. 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
  18. 2025Sat2City: 3D City Generation from A Single Satellite Image with Cascaded Latent Diffusioncited by 15
  19. 2024Urban Scene Diffusion through Semantic Occupancy Mapcited by 14
  20. 2024GTR: Improving Large 3D Reconstruction Models through Geometry and Texture Refinementcited by 14
  21. 2023Pushing the Limits of 3D Shape Generation at Scalecited by 11
  22. 2024COHO: Context-Sensitive City-Scale Hierarchical Urban Layout Generationcited by 10
  23. 2025Controllable 3D Outdoor Scene Generation via Scene Graphscited by 9
  24. 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
  25. 2024MeshVPR: Citywide Visual Place Recognition Using 3D Meshescited by 8
  26. 2025Seeing through Satellite Images at Street Viewscited by 8
  27. 2025Yo'City: Personalized and Boundless 3D Realistic City Scene Generation via Self-Critic Expansioncited by 8
  28. 2024Proc-GS: Procedural Building Generation for City Assembly with 3D Gaussianscited by 6
  29. 2026WorldClaw: Agentic 3D Open-World Generation at Scalecited by 6
  30. 20246Img-to-3D: Few-Image Large-Scale Outdoor Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
  31. 2025ImmerseGen: Agent-Guided Immersive World Generation with Alpha-Textured Proxiescited by 5
  32. 2025Can3Tok: Canonical 3D Tokenization and Latent Modeling of Scene-Level 3D Gaussianscited by 5
  33. 2025MajutsuCity: Language-driven Aesthetic-adaptive City Generation with Controllable 3D Assets and Layoutscited by 5
  34. 2023BerfScene: Bev-conditioned Equivariant Radiance Fields for Infinite 3D Scene Generationcited by 4
  35. 2024Learning Coherent Matrixized Representation in Latent Space for Volumetric 4D Generationcited by 4
  36. 2024GroundUp: Rapid Sketch-Based 3D City Massingcited by 4
  37. 2024Pixel-Aligned Multi-View Generation with Depth Guided Decodercited by 4
  38. 2025Satellite to GroundScape -- Large-scale Consistent Ground View Generation from Satellite Viewscited by 4

50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)