UniCon: Universal Neural Controller For Physics-based Character Motion
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Abstract (arXiv)
The field of physics-based animation is gaining importance due to the increasing demand for realism in video games and films, and has recently seen wide adoption of data-driven techniques, such as deep reinforcement learning (RL), which learn control from (human) demonstrations. While RL has shown impressive results at reproducing individual motions and interactive locomotion, existing methods are limited in their ability to generalize to new motions and their ability to compose a complex motion sequence interactively. In this paper, we propose a physics-based universal neural controller (UniCon) that learns to master thousands of motions with different styles by learning on large-scale motion datasets. UniCon is a two-level framework that consists of a high-level motion scheduler and an RL-powered low-level motion executor, which is our key innovation. By systematically analyzing existing multi-motion RL frameworks, we introduce a novel objective function and training techniques which make a significant leap in performance. Once trained, our motion executor can be combined with different high-level schedulers without the need for retraining, enabling a variety of real-time interactive applications. We show that UniCon can support keyboard-driven control, compose motion sequences drawn from a large pool of locomotion and acrobatics skills and teleport a person captured on video to a physics-based virtual avatar. Numerical and qualitative results demonstrate a significant improvement in efficiency, robustness and generalizability of UniCon over prior state-of-the-art, showcasing transferability to unseen motions, unseen humanoid models and unseen perturbation.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 7; 2023: 7; 2024: 12; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
39 papers.
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- 2023Perpetual Humanoid Control for Real-time Simulated Avatarscited by 198
- 2024Open-TeleVision: Teleoperation with Immersive Active Visual Feedbackcited by 137
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body Control for Humanoid Robotscited by 117
- 2024Learning Human-to-Humanoid Real-Time Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 112
- 2023Universal Humanoid Motion Representations for Physics-Based Controlcited by 109
- 2024CLoSD: Closing the Loop between Simulation and Diffusion for multi-task character controlcited by 103
- 2023Synthesizing Physical Character-Scene Interactionscited by 102
- 2021Dynamics-Regulated Kinematic Policy for Egocentric Pose Estimationcited by 101
- 2025SONIC: Supersizing Motion Tracking for Natural Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 83
- 2022ActFormer: A GAN-based Transformer towards General Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Generationcited by 77
- 2021Physics-based Human Motion Estimation and Synthesis from Videoscited by 65
- 2023MoConVQ: Unified Physics-Based Motion Control via Scalable Discrete Representationscited by 58
27 more
- 2023C·ASE: Learning Conditional Adversarial Skill Embeddings for Physics-based Characterscited by 53
- 2023PADL: Language-Directed Physics-Based Character Controlcited by 47
- 2025AMO: Adaptive Motion Optimization for Hyper-Dexterous Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 47
- 2024PDP: Physics-Based Character Animation via Diffusion Policycited by 30
- 2023Composite Motion Learning with Task Controlcited by 26
- 2025UniPhys: Unified Planner and Controller with Diffusion for Flexible Physics-Based Character Controlcited by 24
- 2024Harmon: Whole-Body Motion Generation of Humanoid Robots from Language Descriptionscited by 22
- 2024PhysReaction: Physically Plausible Real-Time Humanoid Reaction Synthesis via Forward Dynamics Guided 4D Imitationcited by 18
- 2024Real-Time Simulated Avatar from Head-Mounted Sensorscited by 17
- 2024SuperPADL: Scaling Language-Directed Physics-Based Control with Progressive Supervised Distillationcited by 16
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
- 2022A Survey on Reinforcement Learning Methods in Character Animationcited by 12
- 2022From Universal Humanoid Control to Automatic Physically Valid Character Creationcited by 11
- 2025Physics-Based Motion Imitation with Adversarial Differential Discriminatorscited by 11
- 2024Physics-based Scene Layout Generation from Human Motioncited by 10
- 2026InterPrior: Scaling Generative Control for Physics-Based Human-Object Interactionscited by 10
- 2025SkillBlender: Towards Versatile Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-Manipulation via Skill Blendingcited by 9
- 2022Learning to Brachiate via Simplified Model Imitationcited by 7
- 2022ASE: Large-Scale Reusable Adversarial Skill Embeddings for Physically Simulated Characterscited by 6
- 2026MotionBricks: Scalable Real-Time Motions with Modular Latent Generative Model and Smart Primitivescited by 5
- 2022Skeleton2Humanoid: Animating Simulated Characters for Physically-plausible Motion In-betweeningcited by 4
- 2024A Plug-and-Play Physical Motion Restoration Approach for In-the-Wild High-Difficulty Motionscited by 4
- 2025InterAgent: Physics-based Multi-agent Command Execution via Diffusion on Interaction Graphscited by 4
- 2022Leveraging Demonstrations with Latent Space Priorscited by 2
- 2024PlaMo: Plan and Move in Rich 3D Physical Environmentscited by 1
- 2025ForceGrip: Reference-Free Curriculum Learning for Realistic Grip Force Control in VR Hand Manipulationcited by 1
- 2026ReActor: Reinforcement Learning for Physics-Aware Motion Retargetingcited by 1
- 2026ReActor: Reinforcement Learning for Physics-Aware Motion Retargeting7 May 2026
- 2026MotionBricks: Scalable Real-Time Motions with Modular Latent Generative Model and Smart Primitives27 Apr 2026
- 2026InterPrior: Scaling Generative Control for Physics-Based Human-Object Interactions5 Feb 2026
- 2025InterAgent: Physics-based Multi-agent Command Execution via Diffusion on Interaction Graphs8 Dec 2025
- 2025SONIC: Supersizing Motion Tracking for Natural Humanoid Whole-Body Control11 Nov 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025SkillBlender: Towards Versatile Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-Manipulation via Skill Blending11 Jun 2025
- 2025Physics-Based Motion Imitation with Adversarial Differential Discriminators8 May 2025
- 2025AMO: Adaptive Motion Optimization for Hyper-Dexterous Humanoid Whole-Body Control6 May 2025
- 2025UniPhys: Unified Planner and Controller with Diffusion for Flexible Physics-Based Character Control17 Apr 2025
- 2025ForceGrip: Reference-Free Curriculum Learning for Realistic Grip Force Control in VR Hand Manipulation11 Mar 2025
- 2024A Plug-and-Play Physical Motion Restoration Approach for In-the-Wild High-Difficulty Motions23 Dec 2024
27 more
- 2024Harmon: Whole-Body Motion Generation of Humanoid Robots from Language Descriptions16 Oct 2024
- 2024CLoSD: Closing the Loop between Simulation and Diffusion for multi-task character control4 Oct 2024
- 2024SuperPADL: Scaling Language-Directed Physics-Based Control with Progressive Supervised Distillation15 Jul 2024
- 2024Open-TeleVision: Teleoperation with Immersive Active Visual Feedback1 Jul 2024
- 2024PlaMo: Plan and Move in Rich 3D Physical Environments26 Jun 2024
- 2024PDP: Physics-Based Character Animation via Diffusion Policy3 Jun 2024
- 2024Physics-based Scene Layout Generation from Human Motion21 May 2024
- 2024PhysReaction: Physically Plausible Real-Time Humanoid Reaction Synthesis via Forward Dynamics Guided 4D Imitation1 Apr 2024
- 2024Real-Time Simulated Avatar from Head-Mounted Sensors11 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Human-to-Humanoid Real-Time Whole-Body Teleoperation7 Mar 2024
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body Control for Humanoid Robots26 Feb 2024
- 2023MoConVQ: Unified Physics-Based Motion Control via Scalable Discrete Representations16 Oct 2023
- 2023Universal Humanoid Motion Representations for Physics-Based Control6 Oct 2023
- 2023C·ASE: Learning Conditional Adversarial Skill Embeddings for Physics-based Characters20 Sep 2023
- 2023Perpetual Humanoid Control for Real-time Simulated Avatars10 May 2023
- 2023Composite Motion Learning with Task Control5 May 2023
- 2023Synthesizing Physical Character-Scene Interactions2 Feb 2023
- 2023PADL: Language-Directed Physics-Based Character Control31 Jan 2023
- 2022Leveraging Demonstrations with Latent Space Priors26 Oct 2022
- 2022Skeleton2Humanoid: Animating Simulated Characters for Physically-plausible Motion In-betweening9 Oct 2022
- 2022From Universal Humanoid Control to Automatic Physically Valid Character Creation18 Jun 2022
- 2022Learning to Brachiate via Simplified Model Imitation8 May 2022
- 2022ASE: Large-Scale Reusable Adversarial Skill Embeddings for Physically Simulated Characters4 May 2022
- 2022ActFormer: A GAN-based Transformer towards General Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Generation15 Mar 2022
- 2022A Survey on Reinforcement Learning Methods in Character Animation7 Mar 2022
- 2021Physics-based Human Motion Estimation and Synthesis from Videos21 Sep 2021
- 2021Dynamics-Regulated Kinematic Policy for Egocentric Pose Estimation10 Jun 2021
- 2023Perpetual Humanoid Control for Real-time Simulated Avatarscited by 198
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body Control for Humanoid Robotscited by 117
- 2024Learning Human-to-Humanoid Real-Time Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 112
- 2023Universal Humanoid Motion Representations for Physics-Based Controlcited by 109
- 2023Synthesizing Physical Character-Scene Interactionscited by 102
- 2021Dynamics-Regulated Kinematic Policy for Egocentric Pose Estimationcited by 101
- 2025SONIC: Supersizing Motion Tracking for Natural Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 83
- 2022ActFormer: A GAN-based Transformer towards General Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Generationcited by 77
- 2021Physics-based Human Motion Estimation and Synthesis from Videoscited by 65
- 2023MoConVQ: Unified Physics-Based Motion Control via Scalable Discrete Representationscited by 58
- 2023C·ASE: Learning Conditional Adversarial Skill Embeddings for Physics-based Characterscited by 53
- 2023PADL: Language-Directed Physics-Based Character Controlcited by 47
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026MotionBricks: Scalable Real-Time Motions with Modular Latent Generative Model and Smart Primitives27 Apr 2026
- 2026InterPrior: Scaling Generative Control for Physics-Based Human-Object Interactions5 Feb 2026
- 2025InterAgent: Physics-based Multi-agent Command Execution via Diffusion on Interaction Graphs8 Dec 2025
- 2025SONIC: Supersizing Motion Tracking for Natural Humanoid Whole-Body Control11 Nov 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025SkillBlender: Towards Versatile Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-Manipulation via Skill Blending11 Jun 2025
- 2025Physics-Based Motion Imitation with Adversarial Differential Discriminators8 May 2025
- 2025AMO: Adaptive Motion Optimization for Hyper-Dexterous Humanoid Whole-Body Control6 May 2025
- 2025UniPhys: Unified Planner and Controller with Diffusion for Flexible Physics-Based Character Control17 Apr 2025
- 2025ForceGrip: Reference-Free Curriculum Learning for Realistic Grip Force Control in VR Hand Manipulation11 Mar 2025
- 2024A Plug-and-Play Physical Motion Restoration Approach for In-the-Wild High-Difficulty Motions23 Dec 2024
- 2024Harmon: Whole-Body Motion Generation of Humanoid Robots from Language Descriptions16 Oct 2024
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)