Who Left the Dogs Out? 3D Animal Reconstruction with Expectation Maximization in the Loop
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce an automatic, end-to-end method for recovering the 3D pose and shape of dogs from monocular internet images. The large variation in shape between dog breeds, significant occlusion and low quality of internet images makes this a challenging problem. We learn a richer prior over shapes than previous work, which helps regularize parameter estimation. We demonstrate results on the Stanford Dog dataset, an 'in the wild' dataset of 20,580 dog images for which we have collected 2D joint and silhouette annotations to split for training and evaluation. In order to capture the large shape variety of dogs, we show that the natural variation in the 2D dataset is enough to learn a detailed 3D prior through expectation maximization (EM). As a by-product of training, we generate a new parameterized model (including limb scaling) SMBLD which we release alongside our new annotation dataset StanfordExtra to the research community.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 15; 2023: 16; 2024: 13; 2025: 9; 2026: 10.
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50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
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- 2024Towards Multi-Modal Animal Pose Estimation: A Survey and In-Depth Analysis12 Oct 2024
- 2024Dessie: Disentanglement for Articulated 3D Horse Shape and Pose Estimation from Images4 Oct 2024
- 2024CLHOP: Combined Audio-Video Learning for Horse 3D Pose and Shape Estimation1 Jul 2024
- 2024Benchmarking Monocular 3D Dog Pose Estimation Using In-The-Wild Motion Capture Data20 Jun 2024
- 2024S3O: A Dual-Phase Approach for Reconstructing Dynamic Shape and Skeleton of Articulated Objects from Single Monocular Video21 May 2024
- 2024SMPLer: Taming Transformers for Monocular 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimation23 Apr 2024
- 2024AWOL: Analysis WithOut synthesis using Language3 Apr 2024
- 2024BAGS: Building Animatable Gaussian Splatting from a Monocular Video with Diffusion Priors18 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Implicit Representation for Reconstructing Articulated Objects16 Jan 2024
- 2023Paint-it: Text-to-Texture Synthesis via Deep Convolutional Texture Map Optimization and Physically-Based Rendering18 Dec 2023
- 2023DreaMo: Articulated 3D Reconstruction From A Single Casual Video5 Dec 2023
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- 2023Animal3D: A Comprehensive Dataset of 3D Animal Pose and Shape22 Aug 2023
- 2023A Horse with no Labels: Self-Supervised Horse Pose Estimation from Unlabelled Images and Synthetic Prior7 Aug 2023
- 2023Of Mice and Pose: 2D Mouse Pose Estimation from Unlabelled Data and Synthetic Prior25 Jul 2023
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- 2023Shape of You: Precise 3D shape estimations for diverse body types14 Apr 2023
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- 2023SAOR: Single-View Articulated Object Reconstruction23 Mar 2023
- 2023Invertible Neural Skinning18 Feb 2023
- 2022OpenApePose: a database of annotated ape photographs for pose estimation30 Nov 2022
- 2022CASA: Category-agnostic Skeletal Animal Reconstruction4 Nov 2022
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2022Monocular Dynamic View Synthesis: A Reality Checkcited by 199
- 2021BANMo: Building Animatable 3D Neural Models from Many Casual Videoscited by 195
- 2021Seeing biodiversity: perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservationcited by 129
- 2023GART: Gaussian Articulated Template Modelscited by 121
- 2021LASR: Learning Articulated Shape Reconstruction from a Monocular Videocited by 115
- 2023Paint-it: Text-to-Texture Synthesis via Deep Convolutional Texture Map Optimization and Physically-Based Renderingcited by 84
- 2023MFT: Long-Term Tracking of Every Pixelcited by 61
- 2021OpenPifPaf: Composite Fields for Semantic Keypoint Detection and Spatio-Temporal Associationcited by 55
- 2021Factors of Influence for Transfer Learning across Diverse Appearance Domains and Task Typescited by 54
- 2022BARC: Learning to Regress 3D Dog Shape from Images by Exploiting Breed Informationcited by 51
- 2021From Synthetic to Real: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Animal Pose Estimationcited by 48
- 2023Reconstructing Animatable Categories from Videoscited by 46
12 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026ORMA: Optimization-based Monocular 4D Reconstruction of Articulated Animals29 Sep 2026
- 2026Kirin: Animal Motion Generation from In-the-Wild Video1 Sep 2026
- 2026InterPet4D: A Multimodal 4D Human-Pet Interaction Dataset for Pet Motion Generation11 Jul 2026
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptation1 Jun 2026
- 2026SAM 3D Animal: Promptable Animal 3D Reconstruction from Images in the Wild8 May 2026
- 2026Monocular Mesh Recovery and Body Measurement of Female Saanen Goats23 Feb 2026
- 2026BigMaQ: A Big Macaque Motion and Animation Dataset Bridging Image and 3D Pose Representations23 Feb 2026
- 2026NECromancer: Breathing Life into Skeletons via BVH Animation6 Feb 2026
- 2026NeuralFur: Animal Fur Reconstruction From Multi-View Images18 Jan 2026
- 2025Semantic Prioritization in Visual Counterfactual Explanations with Weighted Segmentation and Auto-Adaptive Region Selection17 Nov 2025
- 2025Web-Scale Collection of Video Data for 4D Animal Reconstruction3 Nov 2025
- 2025DogMo: A Large-Scale Multi-View RGB-D Dataset for 4D Canine Motion Recovery28 Oct 2025
12 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)