Speech Drives Templates: Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis with Learned Templates
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Abstract (arXiv)
Co-speech gesture generation is to synthesize a gesture sequence that not only looks real but also matches with the input speech audio. Our method generates the movements of a complete upper body, including arms, hands, and the head. Although recent data-driven methods achieve great success, challenges still exist, such as limited variety, poor fidelity, and lack of objective metrics. Motivated by the fact that the speech cannot fully determine the gesture, we design a method that learns a set of gesture template vectors to model the latent conditions, which relieve the ambiguity. For our method, the template vector determines the general appearance of a generated gesture sequence, while the speech audio drives subtle movements of the body, both indispensable for synthesizing a realistic gesture sequence. Due to the intractability of an objective metric for gesture-speech synchronization, we adopt the lip-sync error as a proxy metric to tune and evaluate the synchronization ability of our model. Extensive experiments show the superiority of our method in both objective and subjective evaluations on fidelity and synchronization.
Key facts. Cited by 57 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Aug 2021.
Builds on
23 of 39 references.
References · 23
- 2019Normalizing Flows for Probabilistic Modeling and Inferencecited by 1,315
- 2018OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,161
- 2020A Lip Sync Expert Is All You Need for Speech to Lip Generation In The Wildcited by 669
- 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
- 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 465
- 2020Closed-Form Factorization of Latent Semantics in GANscited by 407
- 2018Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 388
- 2018Everybody Dance Nowcited by 313
- 2020MakeItTalk: Speaker-Aware Talking-Head Animationcited by 310
- 2019Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Modelscited by 284
- 2019Neural Voice Puppetry: Audio-driven Facial Reenactmentcited by 249
- 2020Speech Gesture Generation from the Trimodal Context of Text, Audio, and Speaker Identitycited by 199
11 more
- 2019Learning Individual Styles of Conversational Gesturecited by 190
- 2018Lip Movements Generation at a Glancecited by 154
- 2019Realistic Speech-Driven Facial Animation with GANscited by 142
- 2020Talking-head Generation with Rhythmic Head Motioncited by 112
- 2018Robots Learn Social Skills: End-to-End Learning of Co-Speech Gesture Generation for Humanoid Robotscited by 110
- 2020Neural Head Reenactment with Latent Pose Descriptorscited by 106
- 2017You said that?cited by 99
- 2018Synthesizing Images of Humans in Unseen Posescited by 96
- 2020Style Transfer for Co-Speech Gesture Animation: A Multi-Speaker Conditional-Mixture Approachcited by 64
- 2019Analyzing Input and Output Representations for Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 51
- 2017Audio to Body Dynamicscited by 48
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 15; 2024: 16; 2025: 16; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
- 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 128
- 2022Learning Hierarchical Cross-Modal Association for Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 106
- 2023EMAGE: Towards Unified Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Expressive Masked Audio Gesture Modelingcited by 101
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2023StyleTalk: One-shot Talking Head Generation with Controllable Speaking Stylescited by 92
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 66
- 2022Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Video Generationcited by 54
- 2024MambaTalk: Efficient Holistic Gesture Synthesis with Selective State Space Modelscited by 46
- 2023QPGesture: Quantization-Based and Phase-Guided Motion Matching for Natural Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 40
- 2023LivelySpeaker: Towards Semantic-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 40
- 2022Rhythmic Gesticulator: Rhythm-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis with Hierarchical Neural Embeddingscited by 38
38 more
- 2024CyberHost: Taming Audio-driven Avatar Diffusion Model with Region Codebook Attentioncited by 38
- 2024Co-Speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Decoupled Diffusion Modelcited by 34
- 2024TANGO: Co-Speech Gesture Video Reenactment with Hierarchical Audio Motion Embedding and Diffusion Interpolationcited by 32
- 2024Make-Your-Anchor: A Diffusion-based 2D Avatar Generation Frameworkcited by 26
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Human Video Generation: Challenges, Methods, and Insightscited by 24
- 2022Memories are One-to-Many Mapping Alleviators in Talking Face Generationcited by 22
- 2023BodyFormer: Semantics-guided 3D Body Gesture Synthesis with Transformercited by 21
- 2024DiffTED: One-shot Audio-driven TED Talk Video Generation with Diffusion-based Co-speech Gesturescited by 19
- 2023Chain of Generation: Multi-Modal Gesture Synthesis via Cascaded Conditional Controlcited by 18
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletonscited by 15
- 2025X-Dancer: Expressive Music to Human Dance Video Generationcited by 15
- 2024Beyond Talking -- Generating Holistic 3D Human Dyadic Motion for Communicationcited by 14
- 2025Audio-Sync Video Generation with Multi-Stream Temporal Controlcited by 14
- 2024The Effects of Embodiment and Personality Expression on Learning in LLM-based Educational Agentscited by 13
- 2022Freeform Body Motion Generation from Speechcited by 11
- 2025MOSPA: Human Motion Generation Driven by Spatial Audiocited by 11
- 2023Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis using Discrete Gesture Token Learningcited by 9
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakerscited by 7
- 2023GesGPT: Speech Gesture Synthesis With Text Parsing from ChatGPTcited by 6
- 2024LLM Gesticulator: Leveraging Large Language Models for Scalable and Controllable Co-Speech Gesture Synthesiscited by 5
- 2025SyncAnimation: A Real-Time End-to-End Framework for Audio-Driven Human Pose and Talking Head Animationcited by 5
- 2023SpeechAct: Towards Generating Whole-body Motion from Speechcited by 4
- 2024Stereo-Talker: Audio-driven 3D Human Synthesis with Prior-Guided Mixture-of-Expertscited by 4
- 2025PP-Motion: Physical-Perceptual Fidelity Evaluation for Human Motion Generationcited by 4
- 2023MPE4G: Multimodal Pretrained Encoder for Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 3
- 2023A Survey on Deep Multi-modal Learning for Body Language Recognition and Generationcited by 3
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformerscited by 3
- 2025fMRI2GES: Co-speech Gesture Reconstruction from fMRI Signal with Dual Brain Decoding Alignmentcited by 3
- 2025Jointly Understand Your Command and Intention:Reciprocal Co-Evolution between Scene-Aware 3D Human Motion Synthesis and Analysiscited by 2
- 2025MimicParts: Part-aware Style Injection for Speech-Driven 3D Motion Generationcited by 2
- 2025EigenActor: Variant Body-Object Interaction Generation Evolved from Invariant Action Basis Reasoningcited by 1
- 2025Audio-driven Gesture Generation via Deviation Feature in the Latent Spacecited by 1
- 2025A Unit Enhancement and Guidance Framework for Audio-Driven Avatar Video Generationcited by 1
- 2025Democratizing High-Fidelity Co-Speech Gesture Video Generationcited by 1
- 2025Multi-human Interactive Talking Datasetcited by 1
- 2026PersonaGest: Personalized Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Semantic-Guided Hierarchical Motion Representationcited by 1
- 2024LLAniMAtion: LLAMA Driven Gesture Animationcited by 0
- 2024Speech2UnifiedExpressions: Synchronous Synthesis of Co-Speech Affective Face and Body Expressions from Affordable Inputscited by 0
50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026When Semantics Matter: Reliability-Aware Semantic-Rhythm Control for Co-Speech Gesture Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026MoSAT: Human Motion Generation from Spatial Audio and Textual Description20 Sep 2026
- 2026PersonaGest: Personalized Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Semantic-Guided Hierarchical Motion Representation8 May 2026
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakers7 May 2026
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrieval2 Dec 2025
- 2025fMRI2GES: Co-speech Gesture Reconstruction from fMRI Signal with Dual Brain Decoding Alignment1 Dec 2025
- 2025MimicParts: Part-aware Style Injection for Speech-Driven 3D Motion Generation15 Oct 2025
- 2025PP-Motion: Physical-Perceptual Fidelity Evaluation for Human Motion Generation11 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-human Interactive Talking Dataset5 Aug 2025
- 2025MOSPA: Human Motion Generation Driven by Spatial Audio16 Jul 2025
- 2025Democratizing High-Fidelity Co-Speech Gesture Video Generation9 Jul 2025
- 2025A conversational gesture synthesis system based on emotions and semantics3 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Audio-Sync Video Generation with Multi-Stream Temporal Control9 Jun 2025
- 2025A Unit Enhancement and Guidance Framework for Audio-Driven Avatar Video Generation6 May 2025
- 2025Audio-driven Gesture Generation via Deviation Feature in the Latent Space27 Mar 2025
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformers13 Mar 2025
- 2025EigenActor: Variant Body-Object Interaction Generation Evolved from Invariant Action Basis Reasoning1 Mar 2025
- 2025Jointly Understand Your Command and Intention:Reciprocal Co-Evolution between Scene-Aware 3D Human Motion Synthesis and Analysis1 Mar 2025
- 2025X-Dancer: Expressive Music to Human Dance Video Generation24 Feb 2025
- 2025SyncAnimation: A Real-Time End-to-End Framework for Audio-Driven Human Pose and Talking Head Animation24 Jan 2025
- 2024Joint Co-Speech Gesture and Expressive Talking Face Generation using Diffusion with Adapters18 Dec 2024
- 2024A multidimensional measurement of photorealistic avatar quality of experience13 Nov 2024
- 2024Stereo-Talker: Audio-driven 3D Human Synthesis with Prior-Guided Mixture-of-Experts31 Oct 2024
- 2024LLM Gesticulator: Leveraging Large Language Models for Scalable and Controllable Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis6 Oct 2024
- 2024TANGO: Co-Speech Gesture Video Reenactment with Hierarchical Audio Motion Embedding and Diffusion Interpolation5 Oct 2024
- 20242D or not 2D: How Does the Dimensionality of Gesture Representation Affect 3D Co-Speech Gesture Generation?16 Sep 2024
- 2024DiffTED: One-shot Audio-driven TED Talk Video Generation with Diffusion-based Co-speech Gestures11 Sep 2024
- 2024CyberHost: Taming Audio-driven Avatar Diffusion Model with Region Codebook Attention3 Sep 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Human Video Generation: Challenges, Methods, and Insights11 Jul 2024
- 2024Speech2UnifiedExpressions: Synchronous Synthesis of Co-Speech Affective Face and Body Expressions from Affordable Inputs26 Jun 2024
- 2024The Effects of Embodiment and Personality Expression on Learning in LLM-based Educational Agents24 Jun 2024
- 2024LLAniMAtion: LLAMA Driven Gesture Animation13 May 2024
- 2024Co-Speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Decoupled Diffusion Model2 Apr 2024
- 2024Beyond Talking -- Generating Holistic 3D Human Dyadic Motion for Communication28 Mar 2024
- 2024Make-Your-Anchor: A Diffusion-based 2D Avatar Generation Framework25 Mar 2024
- 2024MambaTalk: Efficient Holistic Gesture Synthesis with Selective State Space Models14 Mar 2024
- 2023EMAGE: Towards Unified Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Expressive Masked Audio Gesture Modeling31 Dec 2023
- 2023Chain of Generation: Multi-Modal Gesture Synthesis via Cascaded Conditional Control26 Dec 2023
- 2023SpeechAct: Towards Generating Whole-body Motion from Speech29 Nov 2023
- 2023LivelySpeaker: Towards Semantic-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generation17 Sep 2023
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletons13 Sep 2023
- 2023BodyFormer: Semantics-guided 3D Body Gesture Synthesis with Transformer7 Sep 2023
- 2023A Survey on Deep Multi-modal Learning for Body Language Recognition and Generation17 Aug 2023
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Survey20 Jul 2023
- 2023MPE4G: Multimodal Pretrained Encoder for Co-Speech Gesture Generation25 May 2023
- 2023QPGesture: Quantization-Based and Phase-Guided Motion Matching for Natural Speech-Driven Gesture Generation18 May 2023
- 2023GesGPT: Speech Gesture Synthesis With Text Parsing from ChatGPT23 Mar 2023
- 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generation16 Mar 2023
- 2023Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis using Discrete Gesture Token Learning4 Mar 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generation13 Jan 2023
50 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 128
- 2024CyberHost: Taming Audio-driven Avatar Diffusion Model with Region Codebook Attentioncited by 38
- 2024Co-Speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Decoupled Diffusion Modelcited by 34
- 2024Make-Your-Anchor: A Diffusion-based 2D Avatar Generation Frameworkcited by 26
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletonscited by 15
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformerscited by 3
- 2025A Unit Enhancement and Guidance Framework for Audio-Driven Avatar Video Generationcited by 1
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrievalcited by 0
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrieval2 Dec 2025
- 2025A Unit Enhancement and Guidance Framework for Audio-Driven Avatar Video Generation6 May 2025
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformers13 Mar 2025
- 2024CyberHost: Taming Audio-driven Avatar Diffusion Model with Region Codebook Attention3 Sep 2024
- 2024Co-Speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Decoupled Diffusion Model2 Apr 2024
- 2024Make-Your-Anchor: A Diffusion-based 2D Avatar Generation Framework25 Mar 2024
- 2023UnifiedGesture: A Unified Gesture Synthesis Model for Multiple Skeletons13 Sep 2023
- 2023Taming Diffusion Models for Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generation16 Mar 2023
- 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
- 2022Learning Hierarchical Cross-Modal Association for Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 106
- 2023EMAGE: Towards Unified Holistic Co-Speech Gesture Generation via Expressive Masked Audio Gesture Modelingcited by 101
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2023StyleTalk: One-shot Talking Head Generation with Controllable Speaking Stylescited by 92
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 66
- 2022Audio-Driven Co-Speech Gesture Video Generationcited by 54
- 2023QPGesture: Quantization-Based and Phase-Guided Motion Matching for Natural Speech-Driven Gesture Generationcited by 40
- 2023LivelySpeaker: Towards Semantic-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 40
- 2022Rhythmic Gesticulator: Rhythm-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis with Hierarchical Neural Embeddingscited by 38
- 2024TANGO: Co-Speech Gesture Video Reenactment with Hierarchical Audio Motion Embedding and Diffusion Interpolationcited by 32
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Human Video Generation: Challenges, Methods, and Insightscited by 24
12 most cited of 46 All 46 (JSON)
- 2026When Semantics Matter: Reliability-Aware Semantic-Rhythm Control for Co-Speech Gesture Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026MoSAT: Human Motion Generation from Spatial Audio and Textual Description20 Sep 2026
- 2026PersonaGest: Personalized Co-Speech Gesture Generation with Semantic-Guided Hierarchical Motion Representation8 May 2026
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakers7 May 2026
- 2025fMRI2GES: Co-speech Gesture Reconstruction from fMRI Signal with Dual Brain Decoding Alignment1 Dec 2025
- 2025MimicParts: Part-aware Style Injection for Speech-Driven 3D Motion Generation15 Oct 2025
- 2025PP-Motion: Physical-Perceptual Fidelity Evaluation for Human Motion Generation11 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-human Interactive Talking Dataset5 Aug 2025
- 2025MOSPA: Human Motion Generation Driven by Spatial Audio16 Jul 2025
- 2025Democratizing High-Fidelity Co-Speech Gesture Video Generation9 Jul 2025
- 2025A conversational gesture synthesis system based on emotions and semantics3 Jul 2025
- 2025Audio-Sync Video Generation with Multi-Stream Temporal Control9 Jun 2025
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)